Question 1

We can most effectively enhance students' self-concepts and self-esteem when we:

Accepted Answer

Holding high yet achievable expectations for performance encourages students to strive for success while also building their confidence as they meet and exceed those expectations. This leads to the development of a positive self-concept and self-esteem. Holding expectations that are too low may not challenge students, and encourage them to become complacent or bored with their schoolwork, which may not help to build their self-esteem. Encouraging positive self-talk and discussing the benefits of high self-esteem can also be helpful, but setting and achieving goals is a more impactful way to foster self-esteem.

Question 2

Jules is discovering that by being able to write all his letters, he is winning the approval of his teacher.Without knowing anything else about Jules, the best guess is that he is in Erikson's stage of:

Accepted Answer

Jules is likely in Erikson's stage of Industry versus inferiority, which occurs during the elementary school years. In this stage, children strive to develop a sense of competence and mastery in their abilities, and success in school may be particularly important for this. Additionally, success and approval from teachers and peers can contribute to feelings of industry, while failure or criticism may contribute to feelings of inferiority.

Question 3

Which one of the following best illustrates Erikson's stage of identify versus role confusion?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the stage of identity versus role confusion occurs during adolescence. During this stage, individuals are trying to establish a sense of self and their place in society. Craig's struggle to decide on a career path is a clear example of this stage, as he is attempting to understand his identity by deciding the role he wants to play in the world. The other options do not fit with this specific stage of development.

Question 4

If we consider Erikson's theory of personal development, which one of the following issues would we expect secondary students to be most concerned about?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, secondary students are in the stage of identity vs. role confusion. This means that they are trying to establish their sense of identity and figure out their place in society. Therefore, they would be most concerned about trying to decide who they really are and the role they will play in adult society.

Question 5

Which one of the following examples illustrates how the imaginary audience can be a factor in the adolescent's developing self-concept?

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates the imaginary audience because Bernita feels as if everyone must be looking at her when she walks down the hall with her friends. She believes that others are scrutinizing her every move and appearance, which can impact her developing self-concept. This is a common experience for adolescents who feel like the world is watching their every move.

Question 6

The four teachers below are hoping to improve their students' sense of self.Which one will probably be least effective in doing so?

Accepted Answer

Ms. Berry's approach of simply telling students how wonderful they are may boost their confidence temporarily, but it does not provide them with tangible skills or achievements to base their self-worth on, making it the least effective method for improving their sense of self.

Question 7

Which one of the following best illustrates a sense of identity?

Accepted Answer

Carlos has a clear understanding of his own qualities and values, and how he relates to other people. This reflects a strong sense of identity. The other options either reflect a lack of identity (Shea), indecision about identity (Drew), or confidence in a superficial aspect of identity (Noah's ability to make friends).

Question 8

One of the most important stages in a child's early years is Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt, in which children learn to:

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, during the stage of initiative versus guilt, children develop a sense of initiative through planning and carrying out their own activities. This includes making decisions, exploring their environments, and taking on new challenges. Through these experiences, children also learn to control their impulses and develop a sense of guilt when they engage in behaviors that may be considered wrong or hurtful to others. While bodily control and perseverance are important aspects of child development, they are not central to this particular stage of emotional and social development.

Question 9

Of the following four alternatives, the formation of children's self-concepts is most strongly influenced by:

Accepted Answer

How other people treat children has a significant impact on their self-concepts. Children use feedback from others to construct their self-image and self-worth. Positive feedback can improve their self-esteem, while negative feedback can damage their self-esteem. Therefore, the way others treat children plays a crucial role in shaping their self-concepts.

Question 10

With the textbook's discussion of sense of self and negative feedback in mind, choose the statement that most accurately reflects the appropriate use of negative feedback in a school setting.

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback can be an important tool for helping students improve their skills and understand their limitations. However, it should be delivered in a way that is constructive and respectful, and ideally should be given within the context of a positive relationship between the teacher and student. This approach can help ensure that students do not feel attacked or discouraged, and can instead view feedback as an opportunity for growth and learning.

Question 11

Sharon is a student who does not believe that she can be academically successful. Considering the textbook's discussion of factors that promote positive self-perceptions, you should:

Accepted Answer

Putting Sharon in situations where she can experience academic success is the best choice because success breeds confidence and positive self-perception. Repeated positive experiences can help to change her beliefs about her abilities. Simply telling her she is smarter than she thinks might not be enough to change her belief system, and suggesting that social skills are more important than academics may not be helpful in promoting academic success. Fostering a friendship with an academically gifted student might even reinforce her negative self-perceptions.

Question 12

According to Erik Erikson, students' ability to trust those around them initially stems from:

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the first stage is Trust vs. Mistrust which occurs from birth to approximately 18 months of age. During this stage, a child's ability to trust others is shaped by their experiences with primary caregivers, typically parents or other family members. Therefore, the ability to trust those around them initially stems from experiences with adults during infancy.

Question 13

Which one of the following best illustrates self-efficacy rather than self-concept or self- esteem?

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in their ability to accomplish a specific task or goal. Option A illustrates self-efficacy as Anne believes she can achieve her goal if she puts effort into it. Options B, C, and D refer to self-esteem or self-concept, but not self-efficacy. B refers to self-concept regarding intelligence, C refers to low self-efficacy and avoidance behavior, and D refers to low self-esteem and perception of others' attitudes.

Question 14

Which one of the following illustrates developmental theorists' notion of the personal fable?

Accepted Answer

The personal fable is a belief held by adolescents that they are unique, special, and invincible, leading them to take risks and engage in dangerous behavior. William's belief that he is invincible, immortal, and immune to the problems others face is a clear example of the personal fable. Choices A, B, and C do not illustrate the personal fable.

Question 15

Sixteen-year-old Reynelda has known since she was 4 years old that she will become a teacher.Her grandmother was a teacher, and her mother and two aunts are teachers. She's never really even thought about any other occupation.Reynelda can best be described as showing:

Accepted Answer

Reynelda is showing signs of foreclosure, which occurs when an individual commits to an identity without exploring other options. Her decision to become a teacher, influenced by her family's profession, without considering other careers, exemplifies this.

Question 16

Given what we know about changes in children's and adolescents' self-esteem over the years, which teachers should be especially careful to help students feel good about themselves and their abilities to succeed?

Accepted Answer

Junior high school is a critical period for self-esteem development, as students undergo significant social, emotional, and physical changes during this time. Teachers can play a crucial role in supporting students' self-esteem.

Question 17

Which one of the following best describes Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development involves a series of stages, each with a unique developmental task that needs to be addressed. These tasks involve achieving a balance between conflicting psychological tendencies and traits that are necessary for healthy development.

Question 18

On average, students who attend schools for gifted children have a lower academic self- concept than students of equal intelligence who attend regular schools with students of widely varying abilities.If we consider research about factors affecting students' self- concepts and self-esteem, we can explain this finding in the following way:

Accepted Answer

Children form their self-concepts in part by comparing their own performance to the performance of those around them. When attending schools for gifted children, they are surrounded by peers who are similarly intelligent and high-achieving, leading to a higher level of comparison and potentially lowering their self-concept. In contrast, regular schools with students of varied abilities may provide more opportunities for students to excel in certain areas, leading to a higher sense of self-concept. Choices A, B, and C are not supported by research and do not explain the finding as well as Choice D.

Question 19

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should promote their students' sense of self.Which one probably will not?

Accepted Answer

Ms. Barnes' strategy of using academic competitions to motivate students might not promote a sense of self in the same way as the other strategies, as it could potentially lead to increased pressure and competition among students, rather than fostering individual growth and self-confidence.

Question 20

At which of Erikson's stages do children realize that they can obtain the recognition of teachers and parents by producing things?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the stage of industry versus inferiority occurs between ages 6 to 12 years old. At this stage, children become more aware of the world and their place in it. They realize that they can obtain recognition from parents and teachers by producing things, such as completing school assignments or participating in extracurricular activities. Therefore, the best choice is A) Industry versus inferiority.

Quiz 3: Personal and Social Development