Question 1

Which of the following best illustrates the similar structure hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The similar structure hypothesis suggests that individuals with intellectual disabilities have cognitive processes that are qualitatively similar to those of typically developing individuals, but at a lower developmental level. Option D illustrates this by comparing the cognitive abilities of a child with intellectual disability to a typically developing child of a younger age.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a domain of adaptive functioning?

Accepted Answer

Motor skills refer to physical abilities like coordination and gait, which are not considered a domain of adaptive functioning. The other three options (social skills, practical skills, and conceptual skills) are all domains of adaptive functioning.

Question 3

Mark is a carrier of PKU; Sandra is not. If they have a child, their offspring has a __ chance of developing PKU.

Accepted Answer

PKU is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning two copies of the mutated gene are needed for the disorder to manifest. Since Sandra is not a carrier, she does not have the mutated gene to pass on, so their child cannot develop PKU.

Question 4

Children with Intellectual Disability typically earn…

Accepted Answer

Children with Intellectual Disability typically earn IQ scores <70 and adaptive functioning scores <70.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Immune suppression is not a characteristic of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The other options, intellectual disability, hyperactivity, and learning problems, are commonly associated with the disorder.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a cause of Down syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Discontinuation is not a cause of Down syndrome. The correct term is "disomy" which is the presence of two copies of a particular chromosome in a diploid cell, instead of the normal one copy. Nondisjunction, translocation, and mosaicism are all known causes of Down syndrome.

Question 7

Which of the following is usually NOT a characteristic associated with Angelman's syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Angelman's syndrome is a genetic disorder that is usually characterized by developmental delays, intellectual disability, lack of speech or minimal speech, seizures, and a happy demeanor with a fascination for water. Hyperactivity and jerky, puppet-like movements are also commonly observed in individuals with Angelman's syndrome. However, an elfin-like nose is not typically associated with this condition.

Question 8

The prevalence of Intellectual Disability is highest among...

Accepted Answer

Intellectual Disability is most commonly identified during the school-age years when children are expected to meet certain developmental and educational milestones.

Question 9

Which of the following is a main difference between the DSM-5 conceptualization of Intellectual Disability and the AAIDD conceptualization of Intellectual Disability?

Accepted Answer

The DSM-5 and AAIDD both require problems with adaptive functioning and an IQ score ≤ 70 for a diagnosis of Intellectual Disability. However, the AAIDD places more emphasis on the concept of "needed supports" for individuals with Intellectual Disability, which includes assistance with daily living, employment, education, and social participation. This concept is not as prominent in the DSM-5 definition of Intellectual Disability.

Question 10

Tony is a four-year-old boy with Intellectual Disability who bites his nails at school. Tony's classroom aide wants to decrease the frequency of Tony's nail biting because his nails sometimes bleed and cause him discomfort. She gives Tony with a gold star every minute he keeps his hands on his desk and away from his mouth. Which of the following behavioral techniques is the aide probably using to modify Tony's behavior?

Accepted Answer

The aide is using Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior (DRI) by reinforcing Tony for keeping his hands on the desk, which is incompatible with nail biting.

Question 11

One of the main obstacles in implementing the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP), that likely reduced its effectiveness, was...

Accepted Answer

The fact that many mothers offered the free services did not participate in the program was a major obstacle in implementing the IHDP, likely reducing its effectiveness. This can be attributed to various reasons such as lack of awareness, logistical challenges, or personal preferences. However, this lack of participation limits the impact of the program on the target population.

Question 12

Meredith wants her fetus to be tested for possible genetic disorders in utero. Which of the following procedures usually carries the least risk to the developing embryo or fetus?

Accepted Answer

Serum screening is a blood test that can detect potential genetic disorders in the fetus. It carries the least risk to the developing embryo or fetus compared to invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. CT is not used for genetic testing in utero.

Question 13

At which of the following tasks would a boy with Fragile X syndrome likely perform best?

Accepted Answer

The answer of At which of the following tasks would...

Question 14

What does the term "diagnostic overshadowing" mean?

Accepted Answer

Diagnostic overshadowing refers to the tendency for healthcare providers to overlook other disorders or conditions in individuals with Intellectual Disability, attributing symptoms to the disability itself rather than considering additional diagnoses.

Question 15

Why might a child be diagnosed with Global Developmental Delay rather than Intellectual Disability?

Accepted Answer

Global Developmental Delay is typically diagnosed in young children (under the age of 5) who show significant delays in multiple areas of development, such as cognitive, motor, speech/language, and social skills. IQ testing is typically not administered to young children, so a diagnosis of Intellectual Disability cannot be made until they are older and the IQ test can be given. Therefore, if a young child is showing significant delays across multiple areas of development, they may be diagnosed with Global Developmental Delay instead of Intellectual Disability.

Quiz 4: Intellectual Disability and Developmental Disorders in Children