Question 1

Sally has a desire to eat a steak with a baked potato smothered with butter and sour cream. One component of her personality tells her, because she is overweight, that instead of eating the meal, she should fast and direct her efforts to ending world hunger. Another component suggests that it would be better to eat a salad and a bran muffin, then run two miles. The fasting suggestion most likely was made by which component of personality?

Accepted Answer

The superego represents the internalized societal and parental values that censor or restrain the gratification of impulses. In this case, Sally's desire to end world hunger instead of satisfying her personal craving for food reflects the superego's moral and ethical standards that prioritize altruistic behavior over personal desires. Fasting can be seen as a form of self-sacrifice and restraint that aligns with these values.

Question 2

Individual memory is to preconscious as ancestral memory is to ________.

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Jung, ancestral or collective memory is stored in the collective unconscious, which is shared by all humans and contains universal archetypes and symbolic representations.

Question 3

Which of the following gives the stages of development outlined by Freud in the order in which they occur?

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychosexual stages of development occur in the following order: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Question 4

What did Freud call the part of the personality that learns that we will be happier if we postpone gratification?

Accepted Answer

Freud called the part of the personality that learns we will be happier if we postpone gratification the ego. The ego operates on the reality principle, balancing the demands of the id and the superego with the constraints of the real world.

Question 5

The pleasure principle is to the reality principle as the _______ is to the _______.

Accepted Answer

The pleasure principle is associated with the id, which seeks immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. The reality principle, on the other hand, is associated with the ego, which understands that other people have needs and desires and that being impulsive or selfish can hurt us in the long run.

Question 6

What did Freud call the part of the personality that begins to develop at about age five?

Accepted Answer

Freud called the part of the personality that begins to develop at about age five as the superego.

Question 7

Steve has an overriding need to submit to others and feels safe only when receiving their guidance and protection. Horney would label him a ____________________ type.

Accepted Answer

Horney's theory categorizes individuals into 3 types of coping strategies: moving towards people (compliant), moving against people (aggressive), and moving away from people (detached). Steve's need to submit to others and feel safe when receiving their guidance makes him fit the compliant type.

Question 8

Carl Jung stressed the ___________________ of people.

Accepted Answer

Jung believed that people have spiritual qualities that go beyond their basic instincts and learned motives. He emphasized the importance of exploring and nurturing these qualities through the process of individuation.

Question 9

The view that personality results from struggles between opposites within each of us is an assumption of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The assumption that personality results from struggles between opposites within each of us is a central idea in Carl Jung's theory of analytical psychology.

Question 10

Adler believed that people often are motivated by __________.

Accepted Answer

Adler believed that people are often motivated by feelings of inferiority, which stems from a perceived sense of inadequacy or lack of self-worth. He argued that everyone experiences some form of inferiority complex and that our goals and behaviors are shaped by our attempts to compensate for it.

Question 11

The fundamental or most basic defense mechanism is _______.

Accepted Answer

Repression is considered the most fundamental defense mechanism by many psychologists, including Sigmund Freud, who theorized that it serves as the basis upon which other defense mechanisms operate. It involves unconsciously blocking out painful or unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or impulses.

Question 12

John dreamed that he was in a train that entered a tunnel. If a psychologist believed that the dream expressed John's unconscious sexual desires, the psychologist would likely be a _________.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis is a theoretical approach that emphasizes the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in determining human behavior. Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, believed that dreams were a manifestation of the unconscious mind, and that analyzing dreams could reveal unconscious desires, conflicts, and motivations. Therefore, if a psychologist believed that John's dream expressed his unconscious sexual desires, he or she would likely be a psychoanalyst.

Question 13

Jamie is a joiner. She is interested in other people and events going on around her in the world. In Jung's view, she is an ___________________.

Accepted Answer

Jamie's interest in other people and events suggests that she is outgoing and sociable, which are characteristics of Jung's concept of an extrovert.

Question 14

In Adler's theory, _______ is the energy behind personality and ________ represents form of personality.

Accepted Answer

According to Adler's theory, striving for superiority is the energy behind personality, while style of life represents the form of personality. Striving for superiority refers to an individual's desire to overcome feelings of inferiority and achieve a sense of mastery and competence in life. Style of life refers to an individual's unique way of striving for superiority and dealing with the challenges of life. Therefore, the best answer is D, striving for superiority as the energy behind personality and style of life as the form of personality.

Question 15

What did Freud call the part of the personality that had to be socialized by parents?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What did Freud call the part of...

Question 16

According to Bill's psychoanalyst, he was traumatized during the anal stage of his psychosexual development, which accounts for Bill's tightwad habits. Which of the following would be Freud's term for Bill's behavior?

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychosexual development includes the anal stage, during which the child experiences pleasure in controlling bowel movements. If the child's experience is traumatic, they may become fixated on this stage and develop anal retentive habits, such as being overly organized and frugal. Therefore, "anal retentive" would be the most appropriate term for Bill's behavior.

Question 17

The remembered and reported dream was referred to by Freud as:

Accepted Answer

The remembered and reported dream was referred to by Freud as the manifest content, which represents the actual events and experiences that occurred within the dream as they are recalled by the dreamer.

Question 18

According to Jung's psychoanalytic theory, each of us has ________, which are inherited predispositions to respond to certain concepts.

Accepted Answer

Jung's psychoanalytic theory suggests that each of us has archetypes, which are inherited predispositions to respond to certain concepts. These archetypes are universal and can be found in various cultures and societies. They represent fundamental human motifs, and each archetype has a specific meaning or symbolism.

Question 19

According to Jung, our repressed thoughts, undeveloped ideas, and forgotten experiences are contained in the ____________________.

Accepted Answer

According to Jung, the personal unconscious is a reservoir of repressed thoughts, undeveloped ideas, and forgotten experiences unique to each individual. The collective unconscious, on the other hand, is a deeper level of the unconscious that contains universal archetypes and symbols shared by all humans. The persona is the social mask we present to the world, while archetypes are universal symbols and patterns that are present in the collective unconscious. Therefore, the best choice for the answer is C.

Question 20

Jane is an angry, hostile woman. At work and in her personal life, she is described as energetic go-getter because she is a workaholic and does a great deal and does a great deal of volunteer work for abused children and women. Jane's behavior may be an example of which defense mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Sublimation involves channeling or transforming unacceptable emotions or impulses into socially acceptable actions or behaviors. In Jane's case, her hostile and angry tendencies are transformed into her workaholic and volunteer efforts for abused children and women. She is channeling her negative energy into a socially productive way.

Quiz 11: Theories of Personality