Question 1

Researchers investigating sleep __________.

Accepted Answer

Research on sleep has not yet fully explained why we sleep, indicating that the complexity of sleep and its functions are still not completely understood.

Question 2

Excessive daytime sleepiness is a symptom of ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Excessive daytime sleepiness is a symptom of...

Question 3

Our sleeping-waking cycle follows a(n) __________ rhythm.

Accepted Answer

Our sleeping-waking cycle follows a 24-hour circadian rhythm, which is influenced by cues such as daylight and temperature. The other options are not applicable as infradian rhythms are longer than 24 hours (such as menstrual cycles), diurnal refers to animals that are active during the day, and ultradian rhythms are shorter than 24 hours (such as the sleep stages within one night's sleep).

Question 4

The low-voltage brain waves produced during relaxed wakefulness or the twilight stage between waking and sleeping are called __________ waves.

Accepted Answer

Alpha waves are associated with relaxed wakefulness and the state of calmness, often occurring in the twilight stage between waking and sleeping.

Question 5

Jackie has found that when she tries to quit drinking she gets headaches, has night sweats, and shakes uncontrollably. Such a reaction is an example of

Accepted Answer

The symptoms Jackie is experiencing are typical withdrawal symptoms that occur when an individual stops using a substance they have become dependent on. These symptoms can be physical, such as headaches and shaking, as well as psychological, highlighting a need for the substance to feel normal.

Question 6

Very young infants who suffer from sleep apnea may be more at risk for SIDS, or sudden infant death syndrome. Why might these infants have difficulty breathing?

Accepted Answer

The brain stem, which controls breathing, is not fully mature in very young infants.

Question 7

In which stage of sleep do sleep spindles occur?

Accepted Answer

Sleep spindles typically occur in N2 (NREM Stage 2) sleep.

Question 8

Our awareness of various mental processes such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating is called __________.

Accepted Answer

The awareness of mental processes such as decision-making, daydreaming, and concentration is referred to as consciousness. Intelligence refers to cognitive ability, creativity refers to the generation of novel ideas, and self-awareness refers to the understanding of one's own emotions and behaviors.

Question 9

What is the most commonly used and abused depressant?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol is the most commonly used and abused depressant. It is readily available and socially accepted, which can contribute to its abuse.

Question 10

When Tawny is asked to write down her dreams as a class assignment, she is bothered by the fact that her dreams often seem to jump randomly from scene to scene with little meaning. What theory best explains her dreams?

Accepted Answer

The activation-synthesis theory suggests that dreams are the result of random neural activity in the brain, which is then interpreted and synthesized into a story by the dreaming brain. This can explain why Tawny's dreams seem to jump randomly from scene to scene with little meaning.

Question 11

Using your bed for sleeping, and only for sleeping, helps train your body to sleep there with less difficulty. This makes use of a form of learning called __________.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a natural response to a stimulus is replaced by a learned response. In this case, the stimulus is the bed and the learned response is to sleep. By only using the bed for sleeping, the body learns to associate the bed with sleep and makes it easier to fall asleep in that location. Flooding, exposure and response prevention, and operant conditioning are not applicable to this situation.

Question 12

Bill suddenly and without warning slips into REM sleep during the day. He often falls to the ground and is difficult to awaken. Bill may have a condition called

Accepted Answer

Bill's symptoms suggest narcolepsy, which is characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep, often accompanied by muscle weakness (cataplexy). Sleep apnea involves interrupted breathing during sleep, insomnia is difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, and epilepsy involves seizures which are not a characteristic symptom of Bill's condition.

Question 13

Calvin had a dream about his dog Snoopy in which he constantly looked for him but couldn't find him. In reality, Calvin's dog had died after being hit by a car. According to Sigmund Freud, his dream in which he was searching for his dog is an example of ________________.

Accepted Answer

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, dreams are reflections of our unconscious desires and conflicts. The fact that Calvin's dream centered around his deceased dog suggests that he may have unresolved feelings or emotions related to the loss of his pet. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Question 14

Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of __________.

Accepted Answer

Altered states of consciousness refer to any state of awareness that is different from the ordinary waking state, including daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis. Choices B, C, and D are all incorrect because they do not encompass all of the listed options.

Question 15

Josef is only 3 years of age. Which of the following types of sleep will be probably get more of so that his body can work on growing while he sleeps?

Accepted Answer

N3 (NREM Stage 3) is the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep. This is the stage during which growth hormones are released by the body to promote physical development, making it important for young children like Josef. As he grows older, his proportion of N3 sleep will decrease, but at 3 years old, he should still be getting a significant amount of this stage of sleep.

Question 16

The disorder known as _________, or sleepwalking, is believed to occur in about 20 percent of the population at some time in their lives.

Accepted Answer

The disorder described in the sentence is somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking. Therefore, the correct choice is B. Apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by breathing interruptions, narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, and cataplexy involves sudden muscle weakness or paralysis triggered by strong emotions. None of these disorders match the description given in the sentence.

Question 17

Anthony's therapist is using hypnosis to help him recall the night he was supposedly abducted by aliens. Danny's therapist is using hypnosis to help him prepare for the pain of dental surgery since Danny is allergic to the dentist's painkillers. Patrick's therapist is using hypnosis to help him quit drinking and smoking. Which client has the highest chance for success?

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis has been shown to be effective in pain management, including preparation for medical procedures, making Danny's scenario the most likely to benefit from hypnotherapy.

Question 18

Gerald has difficulty falling off to sleep. Harley can fall off to sleep easily but often wakes up early. Dale typically sleeps for 10 hours. All three are tired and not rested upon rising. Who seems to be experiencing insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Insomnia encompasses difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early, as well as not feeling rested after sleep. Gerald, Harley, and Dale exhibit these symptoms, suggesting all may suffer from insomnia.

Question 19

Bobby agreed to be hypnotized during a comedy routine. While hypnotized, he stood on his chair and crowed like a rooster. Later, when his friends asked why he did this, Bobby replied that he didn't know, it must have been because he was hypnotized. What theory best explains his behavior?

Accepted Answer

The social-cognitive explanation of hypnosis suggests that people act in accordance with their expectations of how hypnotized people are supposed to behave. In this case, Bobby likely acted like a rooster because he believed that is what he was supposed to do while under hypnosis, based on his expectations of how hypnotized individuals behave during comedy routines.

Question 20

Which drug, depending on the dosage, can be a hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or painkiller?

Accepted Answer

PCP (phencyclidine) is a drug that can act as a hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or painkiller depending on the dosage. However, its use is highly dangerous and can lead to severe side effects and even death.

Quiz 4: Consciousness