Question 1

At major research institutions, the intense pressure to publish has led a few people to act desperately, creating fake data to impress their reviewers and colleagues.This faking may be demonstrated in the visual distortion of data in graphing.This is an example of a(n) _____ lie.
A) biased sample
B) interpolation
C) sneaky sample
D) inaccurate values

Accepted Answer

The given scenario is an example of inaccurate values because the researchers are manipulating data to create fake results. Biased sample refers to a sample that is not representative of the entire population, interpolation means estimating a value within a range of known values using mathematical techniques, and sneaky sample refers to misleading or manipulative sampling techniques.

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions 
This graph depicts fictional data that replicate the pattern of performance observed in a study published by Nietfeld and Ender (2003).
Figure: Intelligence and Teaching Efficacy 
-(Figure: Intelligence and Teaching Efficacy) What might be one way of improving the readability of the graph?
A) Add some ducks to the graph.
B) Trim the range represented on both axes so that it depicts only values in the actual data set.
C) Use a computer program to put gridlines on the background of the graph.
D) Expand the range represented on both axes so that it depicts values beyond the actual data set for grounding.

Accepted Answer

By trimming the range represented on both axes to only values in the actual data set, it will make the graph easier to read and interpret as it will avoid unnecessary clutter and extraneous data. This will improve the accuracy of the graph as well as its readability, allowing viewers to focus on the relevant data points. Adding ducks or expanding the range beyond the actual data set would not improve the readability or accuracy of the graph. Gridlines could be helpful, but not as important as narrowing the range of the axes.

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions 
This graph depicts fictional data that replicate the pattern of performance observed in a study published by Nietfeld and Ender (2003).
Figure: Intelligence and Teaching Efficacy 
-(Figure: Intelligence and Teaching Efficacy) If the graph creator asserts with certainty that a person with a Raven's intelligence test score of 5 would have a teaching efficacy score of 15, the statement would be which kind of lie?
A) biased scale
B) interpolation
C) inaccurate values
D) extrapolation

Accepted Answer

Extrapolation involves making predictions or assertions beyond the range of the data, which is the case in this scenario where the creator is making a statement about the teaching efficacy score for a Raven's intelligence test score of 5, a value that is not present in the data.

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions 
Figure: Class Rank 
-(Figure: Class Rank) Given the construction of this graph, what is the independent variable?
A) junior class rank
B) freshman class rank
C) senior class rank
D) sophomore class rank

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is the one that is chosen by the researcher to predict or explain changes in the dependent variable. In this context, the freshman class rank is the independent variable because it is used as the basis for comparison or prediction of ranks in other classes (junior, senior, sophomore), which would be the dependent variables.

Question 5

To efficiently conduct an alumni survey, a university collects data on all those who attend the annual alumni reunion on campus.What type of manipulation is this?
A) biased scale lie
B) sneaky sample lie
C) extrapolation lie
D) interpolation lie

Accepted Answer

This is a sneaky sample lie because the survey is only collecting data from those who attend the annual alumni reunion on campus, which may not be representative of the entire alumni population.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions 
This graph depicts fictional data that replicate the pattern of performance observed in a study published by Nietfeld and Ender (2003).
Figure: Intelligence and Teaching Efficacy 
-(Figure: Intelligence and Teaching Efficacy) The type of graph depicted in the figure is a:
A) nonlinear relation plot.
B) Pareto chart modified to dot form.
C) scatterplot with a line of best fit.
D) histogram.

Accepted Answer

The graph is a scatterplot with a line of best fit, as it displays the relationship between two continuous variables (intelligence and teaching efficacy) and shows the trend or pattern of the data with a line that approximates the direction and strength of that relationship. The other options (nonlinear relation plot, Pareto chart modified to dot form, histogram) are not appropriate for displaying this type of relationship between variables.

Question 7

A researcher labels the dependent variable of a bar graph Marital Distress, when what was measured was the number of arguments among couples attending marriage counseling.This misnomer is an example of the _____ lie.
A) interpolation
B) inaccurate values
C) extrapolation
D) sneaky sample

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher labels the dependent variable of...

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions 
Figure: Class Rank 
-(Figure: Class Rank) Given the construction of this graph, what is the dependent variable?
A) junior class rank
B) freshman class rank
C) senior class rank
D) sophomore class rank

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the variable being measured and plotted on the y-axis. In this graph, the y-axis shows the class rank, therefore the dependent variable is the class rank. Option C is the correct choice as it is the only option that corresponds to the y-axis in the graph.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions 
This figure depicts the typical relation found between a person's age (in years) and his or her reaction time in a simple reaction time task (e.g., time to press a button when a light turns green).
Figure: Age and Reaction Time 
-(Figure: Age and Reaction Time) Which statement best captures what the graph depicts?
A) Reaction time decreases throughout childhood and adolescence, becoming fastest in a person's early 20s, but after that point, reaction time slowly increases as a person continues to age.
B) There is a linear relation between age and reaction time such that reaction time increases with increased age.
C) Reaction time increases throughout childhood and adolescence, becoming slowest in a person's early 20s, but after that point, reaction time slowly decreases as a person continues to age.
D) There is no relation between age and reaction time.

Accepted Answer

The graph depicts a curvilinear relationship between age and reaction time, with reaction time decreasing throughout childhood and adolescence, reaching its fastest point in the early 20s, but then slowly increasing again as a person continues to age.

Question 10

The interpolation lie can involve:
A) using a biased scale.
B) using a biased sample.
C) graphing extreme data points and assuming a straight line between them.
D) using labels on the graph that do not precisely reflect what data the graph actually display.

Accepted Answer

The interpolation lie involves graphing extreme data points and assuming a straight line between them. This can falsely imply a relationship or trend in the data that may not actually exist. Using a biased scale, biased sample, or inaccurate labels can also distort the data, but they do not necessarily involve interpolation lies.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions 
This figure depicts the results of a study by Ahluwalia et al.(2006) investigating the effects of two types of gum (placebo or nicotine) and two types of counseling (educational or motivational) in helping people to stop smoking.
Figure: Smoking Cessation   
-(Figure: Smoking Cessation) Which Figure, A or B, would be the best figure to use when presenting the results of this study and why?
A) Either graph would be perfectly acceptable for presenting the results of the study.
B) Figure A would be the best because it depicts the tallest bars.
C) Figure B would be the best because the y-axis depicts the actual possible values on the dependent measure.
D) Neither graph would be acceptable when presenting the results of the study.

Accepted Answer

Figure B would be the best choice because it accurately depicts the possible values on the dependent measure (percentage of participants who quit smoking). Figure A only shows bars that represent the difference between the groups, which can be misleading without seeing the actual values. Figure B provides a clear representation of the outcomes of the study.

Question 12

In the _____ lie participants in a study are preselected, resulting in biased results.
A) biased scale
B) extrapolation
C) sneaky sample
D) inaccurate values

Accepted Answer

A sneaky sample occurs when participants in a study are preselected, often by intentionally choosing individuals who will provide biased results. This can result in inaccurate or misleading data. The other answer choices do not accurately describe this type of bias.

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions 
This figure depicts the results of a study by Ahluwalia et al.(2006) investigating the effects of two types of gum (placebo or nicotine) and two types of counseling (educational or motivational) in helping people to stop smoking.
Figure: Smoking Cessation   
-(Figure: Smoking Cessation) What is the difference between the data depicted in Figure A and the data in Figure B?
A) Figure A does not graph the same independent variables as Figure B.
B) Figure A does not graph the same dependent variable as Figure B.
C) The bars in Figure A are more accurate than those in Figure B.
D) The y-axis in Figure A has been shortened, which exaggerates the differences between the groups.

Accepted Answer

The y-axis in Figure A has been shortened, which exaggerates the differences between the groups. This makes it appear as though there is a much larger difference between the groups than there actually is.

Question 14

Use the following to answer questions 
This figure depicts the typical relation found between a person's age (in years) and his or her reaction time in a simple reaction time task (e.g., time to press a button when a light turns green).
Figure: Age and Reaction Time 
-(Figure: Age and Reaction Time) Based on the graph, what type of relation exists between age and reaction time?
A) linear
B) nonlinear
C) It is not possible to tell, given the information in the graph.
D) There is no relation between age and reaction time.

Accepted Answer

The graph shows a curved relationship between age and reaction time, indicating a nonlinear relation.

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions 
This figure depicts the typical relation found between a person's age (in years) and his or her reaction time in a simple reaction time task (e.g., time to press a button when a light turns green).
Figure: Age and Reaction Time 
-(Figure: Age and Reaction Time) If one were to assume with certainty that a person who is 2 years old has a reaction time of 9,000 milliseconds, which error would be made?
A) sneaky sample lie
B) interpolation lie
C) extrapolation lie
D) inaccurate values lie

Accepted Answer

Extrapolation involves extending a trend or pattern beyond the range of known values, which is the case here as assuming a 2-year-old has a reaction time of 9,000 milliseconds is making a prediction outside the range of the data presented in the figure.

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions 
Figure: Class Rank 
-(Figure: Class Rank) The type of graph depicted in the figure is a:
A) scatterplot.
B) histogram.
C) Pareto chart.
D) range-frame.

Accepted Answer

A scatterplot is a type of graph that uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of data.

Question 17

Use the following to answer questions 
Figure: Class Rank 
-(Figure: Class Rank) From this graph, one knows with certainty that a person with a class rank of 60 in the freshman year would have a class rank of 60 in his or her senior year.This statement is an example of a(n) _____ lie.
A) extrapolation
B) sneaky sample
C) interpolation
D) inaccurate values

Accepted Answer

This statement is an example of interpolation, which means estimating a value within the range of known values based on existing data. The graph shows a linear relationship between freshman and senior year class rankings, so it is reasonable to assume that a person with a rank of 60 in freshman year would maintain the same rank in senior year. Extrapolation, on the other hand, would involve estimating a value beyond the range of known values, which would be less reliable. Sneaky sample and inaccurate values are not relevant to this scenario.

Question 18

What type of lie is it when the method of assessment or measure has limited responses, thus creating an imbalance in possible responses?
A) inaccurate values
B) extrapolation
C) biased scale
D) interpolation

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a biased scale, where the limited responses skew the results and do not allow for an accurate representation of the data.

Question 19

A student poll on your university website for athletics asks, "How high do you think the basketball team will finish this year: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or 5th?" An article posted a week later reports "Students predict basketball team to finish within the top 5 out of 16 teams in the conference." What kind of manipulation occurred here?
A) an outright lie
B) false face validity
C) biased scale lie
D) interpolation lie

Accepted Answer

The answer of A student poll on your university website...

Question 20

Use the following to answer questions 
Figure: Class Rank 
-(Figure: Class Rank) Based on this graph, what type of relation exists between freshman class rank and senior class rank?
A) linear
B) nonlinear
C) curvilinear
D) negative

Accepted Answer

The graph shows a clear linear relationship between freshman class rank and senior class rank, as we can draw a straight line that passes through the data points.

Quiz 3: Visual Displays of Data

At major research institutions, the intense pressure to publish has led a few people to act desperately, creating fake data to impress their reviewers and colleagues.This faking may be demonstrated in the visual distortion of data in graphing.This is an example of a(n) _____ lie.

Use the following to answer questions Figure: Class Rank -(Figure: Class Rank) Given the construction of this graph, what is the independent variable?

To efficiently conduct an alumni survey, a university collects data on all those who attend the annual alumni reunion on campus.What type of manipulation is this?

A researcher labels the dependent variable of a bar graph Marital Distress, when what was measured was the number of arguments among couples attending marriage counseling.This misnomer is an example of the _____ lie.

Use the following to answer questions Figure: Class Rank -(Figure: Class Rank) Given the construction of this graph, what is the dependent variable?

The interpolation lie can involve:

In the _____ lie participants in a study are preselected, resulting in biased results.

Use the following to answer questions Figure: Class Rank -(Figure: Class Rank) The type of graph depicted in the figure is a:

Use the following to answer questions Figure: Class Rank -(Figure: Class Rank) From this graph, one knows with certainty that a person with a class rank of 60 in the freshman year would have a class rank of 60 in his or her senior year.This statement is an example of a(n) _____ lie.

What type of lie is it when the method of assessment or measure has limited responses, thus creating an imbalance in possible responses?

Use the following to answer questions Figure: Class Rank -(Figure: Class Rank) Based on this graph, what type of relation exists between freshman class rank and senior class rank?