Question 1

Learned helplessness in the elderly often takes the form of
A)a lack of motivation and activity.
B)depression and suicide attempts.
C)extreme agitation.
D)none of these

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness in the elderly often manifests in a lack of motivation and activity, accompanied by a feeling of powerlessness and a belief that their actions will not bring about any change or improvement in their situation. This can lead to a sedentary lifestyle and a loss of independence. Depression and suicide attempts may also be present, but they are not the primary form in which learned helplessness presents in the elderly. Extreme agitation is also not a typical symptom of learned helplessness in the elderly.

Question 2

Todd is having difficulty at work and has failed to please his boss on each of the last three projects he has been assigned.He begins to feel as if there is nothing he can do to turn things around.Soon,he starts to feel there is also nothing he can do about some of the difficulties he has been having with members of his family.He starts to act withdrawn and unmotivated most of the time.Todd seems to be suffering from
A)anxiety.
B)low self-esteem.
C)low achievement motivation.
D)learned helplessness.

Accepted Answer

Todd's experiences at work have likely led him to develop a belief in learned helplessness, which is the perception that there is no correlation between one's actions and the outcomes they experience. This belief can then generalize to other areas of life, such as family relationships, leading to feelings of being unable to change or improve one's situation. This can cause withdrawal and lack of motivation, as seen in Todd's behavior.

Question 3

A large number of studies have examined the relationship between watching aggressive television and acting aggressively.Although there are some exceptions,most of this research finds
A)there is little evidence that watching aggressive television increases aggression.
B)watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, at least under some circumstances.
C)watching aggressive television is related to aggressive behavior, but this is because aggressive people tend to watch aggression on television.
D)watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, but only in children.

Accepted Answer

Most research suggests that watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, at least under some circumstances. While there are some exceptions, the majority of studies support this conclusion. This relationship has been found in both children and adults. It is important to note, however, that not all individuals who watch aggressive television will necessarily act aggressively, and there may be other factors that influence aggressive behavior as well.

Question 4

Researchers in one study found that residents in an old-age home were more active and healthier when they were given additional control over the events in their daily lives.This finding is consistent with theory and research on
A)self-efficacy.
B)locus of control.
C)behavior modification.
D)learned helplessness.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers in one study found that residents...

Question 5

Under which of the following circumstances would we expect children to be least likely to imitate an aggressive model?
A)When the model is declared a hero and rewarded.
B)When they see the model engage in justified aggression.
C)When the model is punished for aggressive behavior.
D)When the child sees a behavior the child likes.

Accepted Answer

When the model is punished for aggressive behavior, children are less likely to imitate the behavior as they are aware that it can have negative consequences. This is known as vicarious punishment.

Question 6

The original learned helplessness experiments placed dogs in a harness where they were exposed to electric shocks. Later,the dogs were placed in a shuttle-box where they experienced more shocks. The dogs that exhibited learned helplessness
A)quickly learned to escape the shocks in a shuttle-box.
B)failed to escape the shocks in the shuttle-box.
C)escaped the shocks in the shuttle-box, but only after several trials.
D)escaped the shuttle-box shocks, but then showed signs of helplessness.

Accepted Answer

The dogs that exhibited learned helplessness failed to escape the shocks in the shuttle-box. This is because they had learned in the previous experiment that they had no control over the shocks and so they gave up trying to escape, even when the opportunity was presented.

Question 7

Dogs exposed to aversive stimuli from which they could not escape were found to
A)learn through observation how to be helpless.
B)avoid the stimulus on every trial.
C)stop moving when placed in a shuttle-box situation.
D)suffer from neurological damage.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dogs exposed to aversive stimuli from which...

Question 8

Research on individual differences in locus of control originated from the theorizing of
A)B. F. Skinner.
B)Albert Bandura.
C)Julian Rotter.
D)Henry Murray.

Accepted Answer

The research on individual differences in locus of control originated from the theorizing of Julian Rotter.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a reason why increased aggression is of particular concern from playing violent video games?
A)Players actively engage in practicing violent acts.
B)The increased aggressiveness lasts for several minutes after playing.
C)Players are rewarded for participating in violent acts.
D)Players pay particular attention to weapons, outfitting, and ammunition types.

Accepted Answer

Increased attention to weapons, outfitting, and ammunition types is not a reason why increased aggression is of particular concern from playing violent video games. The other options all highlight the potential negative effects of playing these games, such as practicing violent acts, lasting aggressiveness, and being rewarded for violence.

Question 10

Jeff enjoys playing video games on a regular basis,and the more realistic the violence in the combat video games he plays,the more he enjoys it. Because the games in which he is actively engaged are so realistic,you predict
A)Jeff will act more aggressively just after playing, but not for long.
B)Jeff will commit acts of violence toward his friends that match the violence in the games he plays.
C)Jeff will act more aggressively for several minutes after playing.
D)Jeff will not act more aggressively than he did before playing his games.

Accepted Answer

The question asks for a prediction based on Jeff's enjoyment of realistic violence in combat video games. Research studies have shown that playing violent video games can lead to short-term increases in aggressive behavior, as the arousal and excitement from the game can carry over into real-life interactions for several minutes. Therefore, choice C is the best answer as it predicts that Jeff will act more aggressively for several minutes after playing. Choices A and B are too extreme and unlikely, and choice D contradicts the well-established effects of violent video game play.

Question 11

Which experimental finding does Bandura's social learning model have a difficult time explaining?
A)Watching aggression on television affects aggressiveness both in the short-run and over time.
B)Aggression on television affects aggressiveness in both children and adults.
C)Aggression on television leads to increases in aggression even when the model is a hero.
D)The aggression displayed by participants is not always the same kind shown in the experimental film.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which experimental finding does Bandura's social learning...

Question 12

The concept of learned helplessness is based on which behaviorist notion?
A)Second-order conditioning
B)Punishment
C)Schedules of reinforcement
D)Generalization

Accepted Answer

The answer of The concept of learned helplessness is based...

Question 13

According to Rotter's original model,individual differences in locus of control are most likely to affect behavior when
A)the reinforcement values for all of the expected outcomes are about equal.
B)people have little information upon which to form specific expectancies for the situation.
C)success in the situation is largely up to the person rather than the situation.
D)there are important external forces controlling the situation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Rotter's original model,individual differences in...

Question 14

In one study,policies and procedures were changed for some elderly residents.Which change seemed to have the most beneficial effects on the residents?
A)Having the staff do many of the residents' daily chores and responsibilities for them
B)Explaining to the residents how the staff would now take care of their problems
C)Explaining to the residents that they have earned their rest and should enjoy it
D)Emphasizing to the residents that they have more control over how things are run than they may have realized

Accepted Answer

Emphasizing to the residents that they have more control over how things are run than they may have realized had the most beneficial effects on the residents. This change empowers the residents and gives them a sense of control, leading to increased satisfaction and well-being. The other options focus on staff involvement and assistance, which may not address the underlying issue of the residents feeling a loss of control.

Question 15

Controlled laboratory research on observational learning of aggression requires participants to __________ and then receive the opportunity to act aggressively.
A)receive an aversive or painful stimulus
B)complete a questionnaire
C)engage in a group discussion
D)watch a violent or nonviolent program

Accepted Answer

Controlled laboratory research on observational learning of aggression often involves participants viewing a violent or nonviolent program and then having the opportunity to act aggressively in some way. This is the most common method used in this type of research. A and C are not typically used in this type of research, and while B may sometimes be used for demographic information, it is not directly related to observing and learning aggressive behavior.

Question 16

According to the original learned helplessness model,depression begins when people
A)fail at some important task.
B)experience an inability to control important events in their lives.
C)have a series of aversive experiences.
D)lose their motivation to work.

Accepted Answer

The original learned helplessness model suggests that depression begins when people experience an inability to control important events in their lives. This feeling of helplessness can lead to a belief that their actions have no impact on their situation, which can ultimately result in the development of a depressive state.

Question 17

Learned helplessness has been associated with which psychological disorder?
A)Anxiety
B)Depression
C)Paranoia
D)Phobias

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness has been most strongly associated with depression.

Question 18

In the original learned helplessness model,people were said to experience learned helplessness when they
A)encountered obstacles they could not overcome.
B)encountered aversive events.
C)generalized their inability to control one aversive event to a situation they might be able to control.
D)gave up trying after they realized they could not do anything about an aversive situation.

Accepted Answer

The original learned helplessness model proposed that when people encountered aversive events and generalized their inability to control one aversive event to a situation they might be able to control, they experienced learned helplessness.

Question 19

Which of the following is a similarity between animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans?
A)They both have similar changes in neurotransmitters and receptors.
B)They both show evidence for internal locus of control..
C)They both become highly agitated and aggressive.
D)They both continue to try to escape adversity until exhaustion

Accepted Answer

Animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans both demonstrate changes in neurotransmitters and receptors, such as decreased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. This is a common factor underlying both responses to stress.

Question 20

According to the learned helplessness model,one way to treat depression is to
A)give the depressed person a successful experience at controlling an important event.
B)explain to the depressed person that he or she cannot control everything.
C)give the depressed person a series of pleasant experiences.
D)pair the unpleasant feelings with a pleasant experience.

Accepted Answer

According to the learned helplessness model, depression is caused by a feeling of lack of control over important events. Therefore, giving a depressed person a successful experience at controlling such an event can help to break this cycle and alleviate symptoms of depression. This is known as "behavioral activation," and it involves encouraging the person to engage in activities that give them a sense of accomplishment and control.

Quiz 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach: Relevant Research

Learned helplessness in the elderly often takes the form of

A large number of studies have examined the relationship between watching aggressive television and acting aggressively.Although there are some exceptions,most of this research finds

Researchers in one study found that residents in an old-age home were more active and healthier when they were given additional control over the events in their daily lives.This finding is consistent with theory and research on

Under which of the following circumstances would we expect children to be least likely to imitate an aggressive model?

The original learned helplessness experiments placed dogs in a harness where they were exposed to electric shocks. Later,the dogs were placed in a shuttle-box where they experienced more shocks. The dogs that exhibited learned helplessness

Dogs exposed to aversive stimuli from which they could not escape were found to

Research on individual differences in locus of control originated from the theorizing of

Which of the following is not a reason why increased aggression is of particular concern from playing violent video games?

Jeff enjoys playing video games on a regular basis,and the more realistic the violence in the combat video games he plays,the more he enjoys it. Because the games in which he is actively engaged are so realistic,you predict

Which experimental finding does Bandura's social learning model have a difficult time explaining?

The concept of learned helplessness is based on which behaviorist notion?

According to Rotter's original model,individual differences in locus of control are most likely to affect behavior when

In one study,policies and procedures were changed for some elderly residents.Which change seemed to have the most beneficial effects on the residents?

Controlled laboratory research on observational learning of aggression requires participants to __________ and then receive the opportunity to act aggressively.

According to the original learned helplessness model,depression begins when people

Learned helplessness has been associated with which psychological disorder?

In the original learned helplessness model,people were said to experience learned helplessness when they

Which of the following is a similarity between animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans?

According to the learned helplessness model,one way to treat depression is to