Question 1

According to Ellis,people have psychological problems due to faulty reasoning based on
A)self-defeating thoughts.
B)irrational beliefs.
C)skewed personal constructs.
D)activating experiences.

Accepted Answer

Ellis believed that people have psychological problems due to irrational beliefs, which are faulty and irrational ways of thinking that lead to negative emotions and behaviors.

Question 2

Participants in one study were asked to respond with a yes or no to questions on a series of words.When later asked to recall as many of the words as possible,participants recalled words best when they had been asked,
A)"Is the word printed in big letters?"
B)"Does it rhyme with another word?"
C)"Does it mean the same as another word?"
D)"Does it describe you?"

Accepted Answer

The answer of Participants in one study were asked to...

Question 3

Jennifer answers quickly when asked if her mother is introverted,but it takes her longer to answer when asked if her next-door neighbor is introverted.Schema researchers would interpret this to mean that
A)Jennifer has a well-developed schema for her mother.
B)Jennifer does not have a well-defined schema for introversion.
C)Introversion is probably not part of Jennifer's self-schema.
D)Jennifer's mother is probably introverted.

Accepted Answer

Jennifer's quick response to whether her mother is introverted indicates that she has a well-developed schema for her mother, which includes the trait of introversion. Her slower response to whether her neighbor is introverted suggests that she may not have as well-defined a schema for people outside of her close family circle.

Question 4

Which of the following is true about the cognitive processes that produce behavior?
A)The situation often initiates behavior.
B)Processing information in a "black box" is generally considered a myth.
C)Cognitive-affective units are equally accessible from memory.
D)Behavior becomes automatic when conscious attention is focused on it.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive model of behavior emphasizes that behavior is initiated by a person's interpretation of a situation or event. Thus, option A is true as the situation often initiates behavior. Option B is false as cognitive processes cannot be observed directly, but they are believed to occur in the "black box" of the mind. Option C is false as some cognitive-affective units may be easier to access than others, depending on factors such as their strength, frequency, and relevance. Option D is false as automatic behavior occurs without conscious attention, while deliberate behavior requires conscious attention.

Question 5

Schemas help us to do all of the following except one.Which one?
A)Perceive features in our environment
B)Organize information
C)Retrieve information from memory
D)Avoid stereotyping

Accepted Answer

Schemas can lead to stereotyping and biases, so they do not help us avoid it. However, they do help us perceive features in our environment, organize information, and retrieve information from memory.

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the representations of self,according to self-discrepancy theory?
A)Should self
B)Ideal self
C)Actual self
D)Ought self

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not one...

Question 7

In addition to allowing for rapid processing of schema-relevant information,self-schemas provide a framework for
A)organizing relevant information.
B)self-understanding.
C)processing unconscious feelings.
D)recalling life events.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In addition to allowing for rapid processing...

Question 8

A researcher examines not only how people think of themselves today,but also the kind of person they want to become or are afraid of becoming. The researcher is probably investigating
A)stereotypes.
B)self-esteem.
C)possible selves.
D)personal constructs.

Accepted Answer

The researcher is investigating "possible selves," which refers to the images individuals have of themselves in the future or who they aspire to be. This concept is often used to examine motivation and goal-setting behavior. Option A (stereotypes) is incorrect as this relates to fixed and oversimplified opinions about a group of people. Option B (self-esteem) is close, but only partially correct, as examining possible selves goes beyond just evaluating one's self-worth or confidence. Option D (personal constructs), on the other hand, refers to an individual's framework for understanding and interpreting their experiences, which is not quite on the same topic with examining possible selves.

Question 9

When practicing rational emotive therapy,a therapist will typically
A)look for the childhood experiences that contributed to the current problem.
B)examine the logic the client uses that leads him or her to the emotional reaction.
C)wait for the client to discover the source of the problem rather than suggest what the source might be.
D)affirm to the client that he or she has good reasons to feel the way he or she does.

Accepted Answer

Rational emotive therapy focuses on examining the client's beliefs and thought processes that lead to emotional reactions. The therapist will challenge irrational beliefs and encourage the client to use logical thinking to reframe their thoughts and attitudes. The therapy does not necessarily focus on childhood experiences or affirming the client's emotional reactions. The therapist may suggest possible sources of the problem, but ultimately the client is encouraged to take responsibility for their thoughts and emotions.

Question 10

One function served by our "possible selves" is to
A)reduce anxiety associated with our unacceptable behavior.
B)provide incentives for future behavior.
C)make sense out of all the impinging information we face daily.
D)help us find a romantic partner.

Accepted Answer

Possible selves serve as motivation for future behavior by showing us the potential outcomes of our actions. They provide incentives and goals for us to strive towards.

Question 11

Researchers use each of the following dependent variables except one to examine the strength of schemas.Which one?
A)How long it takes people to respond to questions about themselves.
B)How long it takes people to respond to questions about other people.
C)How many trials it takes people to correctly answer the test items.
D)How many words people recall from a task, even though they are not told they will be asked to recall the words until after the task is completed.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers use each of the following dependent...

Question 12

Many different therapies fall within the broad cognitive approach,but each cognitive therapy identifies _________ as the cause of behavioral problems and disorders.
A)a loss of freedom
B)early childhood experiences with caregivers
C)inappropriate behaviors
D)inappropriate thoughts

Accepted Answer

The cognitive approach suggests that problematic behaviors and disorders arise from inaccurate or negative thinking patterns. Therefore, cognitive therapies aim to identify and challenge these thoughts in order to improve behavior and overall wellbeing.

Question 13

Participants in one study were divided into those with and without a well-developed "independence" schema. Later,participants were asked about their own level of independence. Compared to aschematics,participants with a strong independence schema
A)took longer to answer because they had more information to process.
B)took longer to answer because it was more important to them to give a correct answer.
C)took less time to answer.
D)took the same amount of time to answer, but were more confident of their answers.

Accepted Answer

Participants with a strong independence schema took less time to answer compared to aschematics, indicating that they had a clearer and more developed understanding of their own level of independence.

Question 14

Albert Ellis's goal in rational emotive therapy is to
A)help clients repress negative emotion.
B)teach clients more effective social skills.
C)help clients get in touch with their true emotions.
D)replace clients' irrational beliefs with rational ones.

Accepted Answer

Albert Ellis's goal in rational emotive therapy is to help clients challenge and replace their irrational beliefs with rational ones. This is done through a process of disputing irrational thoughts and beliefs, and replacing them with more realistic and rational ones. The aim is to help clients better manage their emotions and improve their overall psychological wellbeing.

Question 15

Participants in one study recalled words better when they had been asked first whether or not the word described them (rather than,for example,if the word had been printed in large letters).Researchers interpret this to mean that
A)the participants had to think about the word more when asked if it described them.
B)the self-description questions generated more interest for the participants than the other questions.
C)the self-description questions generated a stronger emotional reaction for the participants than the other questions.
D)the participants processed the information for the self-description questions through a self-schema.

Accepted Answer

The fact that participants remembered words better when asked if they described them suggests that they were processing the information through a self-schema, which is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information based on their own beliefs and experiences. This is consistent with research on the self-reference effect, which suggests that people remember information better when it is related to themselves.

Question 16

The approach of self-discrepancy theory proposes
A)the actual self is different from one's self-concept.
B)there are three different representations of the self.
C)the internal self and external self are the same.
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

The answer of The approach of self-discrepancy theory proposes
A)the actual...

Question 17

When cognitive psychotherapists teach clients how to handle recurring problems,it is often an attempt to eliminate
A)emotional consequences.
B)the ideal self.
C)self-defeating thinking.
D)negative personal constructs.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychotherapists focus on identifying and challenging self-defeating or irrational thoughts and beliefs in order to improve a client's mental health and ability to handle recurring problems. By recognizing and changing negative thinking patterns, clients can develop more positive and effective coping strategies.

Question 18

Your self-schema consists of those aspects of your behavior that are
A)innate.
B)most important to you.
C)similar to your parents.
D)unique to you alone.

Accepted Answer

Your self-schema includes the aspects of your behavior that are most important to you, and may include different traits and characteristics than those of your parents or others. It is not necessarily innate or entirely unique to you, but rather shaped by personal experiences and values.

Question 19

One study of the self-schema presented students with 40 questions for which they pressed yes or no. Researchers found that participants were more likely to remember the information when
A)the words had the ability to generate emotions.
B)participants were asked about a rhyme.
C)a self-referent question was difficult to answer.
D)the question was processed about the participants themselves.

Accepted Answer

The study found that participants were more likely to remember information when the question was processed in relation to themselves, indicating the importance of the self-schema in memory encoding.

Question 20

Albert Ellis describes an A-B-C reasoning process that creates unnecessary emotional problems.Which step in this reasoning process does he draw to the client's attention during rational emotive therapy?
A)The activating experience, such as failing a test.
B)The unstated belief, such as "I should be good at everything I do."
C)The emotional consequence, such as depression.
D)The childhood experiences that made the person vulnerable to emotional problems.

Accepted Answer

Albert Ellis draws the client's attention to the unstated beliefs (B) during rational emotive therapy, as these beliefs are often irrational and lead to unnecessary emotional problems. The activating experience (A) and emotional consequence (C) are important to identify and address, but the focus of therapy is on identifying and challenging irrational beliefs. Childhood experiences (D) may also be explored, but they are not a specific part of the A-B-C reasoning process.

Quiz 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

According to Ellis,people have psychological problems due to faulty reasoning based on

Participants in one study were asked to respond with a yes or no to questions on a series of words.When later asked to recall as many of the words as possible,participants recalled words best when they had been asked,

Jennifer answers quickly when asked if her mother is introverted,but it takes her longer to answer when asked if her next-door neighbor is introverted.Schema researchers would interpret this to mean that

Which of the following is true about the cognitive processes that produce behavior?

Schemas help us to do all of the following except one.Which one?

Which of the following is not one of the representations of self,according to self-discrepancy theory?

In addition to allowing for rapid processing of schema-relevant information,self-schemas provide a framework for

A researcher examines not only how people think of themselves today,but also the kind of person they want to become or are afraid of becoming. The researcher is probably investigating

When practicing rational emotive therapy,a therapist will typically

One function served by our "possible selves" is to

Researchers use each of the following dependent variables except one to examine the strength of schemas.Which one?

Many different therapies fall within the broad cognitive approach,but each cognitive therapy identifies _________ as the cause of behavioral problems and disorders.

Participants in one study were divided into those with and without a well-developed "independence" schema. Later,participants were asked about their own level of independence. Compared to aschematics,participants with a strong independence schema

Albert Ellis's goal in rational emotive therapy is to

Participants in one study recalled words better when they had been asked first whether or not the word described them (rather than,for example,if the word had been printed in large letters) .Researchers interpret this to mean that

The approach of self-discrepancy theory proposes

When cognitive psychotherapists teach clients how to handle recurring problems,it is often an attempt to eliminate

Your self-schema consists of those aspects of your behavior that are

One study of the self-schema presented students with 40 questions for which they pressed yes or no. Researchers found that participants were more likely to remember the information when

Albert Ellis describes an A-B-C reasoning process that creates unnecessary emotional problems.Which step in this reasoning process does he draw to the client's attention during rational emotive therapy?