Question 1

Would you expect the incidence of leptospirosis to be higher in urban or rural communities? Explain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Would you expect the incidence of leptospirosis...

Question 2

A 25-year-old man presented with fever, malaise, and a rash on his chest, arms, and feet. Diagnosis was based on serological testing. The patient then reported that he had an ulcer on his penis two months earlier. What stage of disease is the patient in?

Accepted Answer

The patient's symptoms and history suggest secondary syphilis, characterized by systemic symptoms and a rash, following the primary stage marked by a painless ulcer (chancre).

Question 3

A pelvic examination of a 23-year-old woman showed vesicles and ulcerated lesions on her labia. Cultures were negative for Neisseria and Chlamydia; the VDRL test was negative. Which of the following is probable?

Accepted Answer

The presence of vesicles and ulcerated lesions on the labia, along with negative cultures for Neisseria and Chlamydia and a negative VDRL test, suggests genital herpes, which is caused by the herpes simplex virus.

Question 4

Most UTI infections in the population are a result of catheterization in a hospital setting.

Accepted Answer

Most UTI infections are caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract through the urethra, not primarily from catheterization in a hospital setting, although catheter-associated UTIs are a significant risk in healthcare settings.

Question 5

Anatomically, women have more portals of entry in the reproductive system compared to men.

Accepted Answer

Women have the vaginal opening, cervix, and urethral opening as portals of entry in the reproductive system, while men only have the urethral opening.

Question 6

Trichomoniasis is the only known STI caused by a protozoan.

Accepted Answer

Trichomoniasis is the only known STI caused by a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis, making it unique among sexually transmitted infections.

Question 7

A pelvic examination of a 23-year-old woman showed vesicles and ulcerated lesions on her labia. Cultures were negative for Neisseria and Chlamydia; the VDRL test was negative. Which treatment is appropriate?

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described are consistent with a herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, which is characterized by vesicles and ulcerated lesions. Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used to treat HSV infections.

Question 8

Nearly 70 percent of the patients seen in STI clinics are men. Offer a reason men are more likely to seek treatment than women. Why is it important that women seek treatment for STIs?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nearly 70 percent of the patients seen...

Question 9

The TORCH panel of tests is used to screen for diseases like syphilis.

Accepted Answer

The TORCH panel of tests is used to screen for congenital infections, including syphilis.

Question 10

Women and men typically have the same normal microbiota in their reproductive systems.

Accepted Answer

Women and men have different reproductive systems with different microbiota. Women have a complex and diverse microbiota in their reproductive tract that plays a crucial role in maintaining vaginal health, while men have a less diverse microbiota in their genital tract.

Question 11

Only HSV-2 can cause genital herpes.

Accepted Answer

Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause genital herpes; HSV-1 is more commonly associated with oral herpes but can also cause genital herpes, typically through oral-genital contact.

Question 12

Why are the unreported cases of STIs an important public health concern?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why are the unreported cases of STIs...

Question 13

A 25-year-old male presented with fever, malaise, and a rash on his chest, arms, and feet. Diagnosis was based on serological testing. The patient then reported that he had an ulcer on his penis two months earlier. This disease can be treated with

Accepted Answer

The symptoms and history suggest syphilis, which is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Penicillin is the treatment of choice for syphilis.

Question 14

The male urethra is typically sterile.

Accepted Answer

The male urethra is typically sterile, meaning that it does not contain any microorganisms or bacteria. This is due to the antibacterial properties of various components within the urinary system, including the acidic pH of urine, the flushing action of urine flow, and the presence of antimicrobial peptides. However, infections can occur if bacteria from the external genitalia are introduced into the urethra, such as during sexual activity or improper hygiene practices.

Question 15

Candida is a normal flora found in the majority (greater than 50%) of women.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Candida is a normal flora found in...

Question 16

Which of the following is treated with cephalosporins because the organism is resistant to penicillin and fluoroquinolones?

Accepted Answer

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is often treated with cephalosporins due to its resistance to penicillin and fluoroquinolones.

Question 17

A microbe that enters the vagina would likely cause cystitis if left untreated.

Accepted Answer

Cystitis is an infection of the bladder and is not caused by microbes entering the vagina. However, if a vaginal infection is untreated, it can lead to spread of the infection to the bladder and cause cystitis.

Question 18

Would you expect reported cases of urethritis to be higher than pyleonephritis? Explain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Would you expect reported cases of urethritis...

Question 19

Genital candidiasis is a disease that only affects women.

Accepted Answer

Genital candidiasis can affect both men and women, although it is more common in women.

Quiz 26: Microbial Disease of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems