Question 1

Monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnostic tests and disease treatments because they

Accepted Answer

Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific to a particular antigen and can be produced in large quantities, making them useful for both diagnostic tests and disease treatments. They do not contain a mixture of antibodies; that would be polyclonal antibodies.

Question 2

In a direct ELISA test to screen for drugs in a patientʹs urine, what is the third step in the test process?

Accepted Answer

In a direct ELISA, the third step involves adding enzyme-labeled antibodies that will bind to the drug or antigen present in the sample.

Question 3

Table 18.1
Antibody Titer $$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | l | } 
\hline & \text { Day 1 } & \text { Day } 7 & \text { Day 14 } & \text { Day 21 } \
\hline \text { Patient A } & 0 & 0 & 256 & 512 \
\hline \text { Patient B } & 128 & 256 & 512 & 1024 \
\hline \text { Patient C } & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \
\hline \text { Patient D } & 128 & 128 & 128 & 128 \
\hline
\end{array}$$
-In Table 18.1, who is most likely protected from the disease, as observed by the test results over time?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Table 18.1
Antibody Titer \[\begin{array} { | l...

Question 4

Inactivated tetanus toxin is a(n)

Accepted Answer

Inactivated tetanus toxin is a toxoid vaccine, which means it is made from a toxin that has been inactivated so that it is no longer harmful but still elicits an immune response.

Question 5

Isolated and purified hepatitis B virus surface antigen can be used in a(n)

Accepted Answer

Isolated and purified hepatitis B virus surface antigen can be used in a subunit vaccine, which contains only the specific antigenic components of the pathogen and not the whole pathogen itself.

Question 6

Dead Bordetella pertussis can be used in a(n)

Accepted Answer

Inactivated whole-agent vaccines are produced by killing the disease-causing microorganism (in this case, Bordetella pertussis) using heat, chemicals, or radiation. These vaccines typically provide a stronger immune response than subunit or toxoid vaccines and are safer than attenuated whole-agent vaccines, making them the best choice for Bordetella pertussis.

Question 7

Figure 18.1 is an illustration of a(an)

Accepted Answer

A positive indirect ELISA test shows a color change indicating the presence of antibodies bound to antigens, which is typically illustrated in diagrams of ELISA tests.

Question 8

Which item is from the patient in a direct ELISA test?

Accepted Answer

In a direct ELISA test, the antigen is the item that is directly obtained from the patient sample and is being detected.

Question 9

The following steps are used to produce monoclonal antibodies. What is the fourth step?

Accepted Answer

The fourth step in producing monoclonal antibodies is to fuse a B cell to a myeloma cell, creating a hybridoma. This follows the activation of a B cell, isolation of antibody-producing B cells, and vaccination of a mouse.

Question 10

Which of the following is a test to determine the presence of soluble antigens in a patientʹs saliva?

Accepted Answer

Precipitation reaction is a test to determine the presence of soluble antigens in a patient's saliva.

Question 11

Table 18.1
Antibody Titer $$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | l | } 
\hline & \text { Day 1 } & \text { Day } 7 & \text { Day 14 } & \text { Day 21 } \
\hline \text { Patient A } & 0 & 0 & 256 & 512 \
\hline \text { Patient B } & 128 & 256 & 512 & 1024 \
\hline \text { Patient C } & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \
\hline \text { Patient D } & 128 & 128 & 128 & 128 \
\hline
\end{array}$$
-In Table 18.1, who probably has the disease?

Accepted Answer

Patients A and B show a significant increase in antibody titer over time, indicating an active immune response likely due to the disease.

Question 12

A hybridoma results from the fusion of a(an)

Accepted Answer

A hybridoma is created by fusing a specific antibody-producing B cell with a myeloma cell, which is a type of cancer cell. This fusion allows for the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Question 13

Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diphtheria toxoid is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diphtheria toxoid vaccine is a conjugated vaccine. This means that the bacterial polysaccharide is bound to a carrier protein, in this case diphtheria toxoid, to improve its immunogenicity and protect against Haemophilus influenzae type b infection.

Question 14

Figure 18.1
 
-Which component in Figure 18.1 came from the patient in this indirect ELISA test?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Figure 18.1
 
-Which component in Figure 18.1...

Question 15

A vaccine against HIV proteins made by a genetically -engineered vaccinia virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell line is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A subunit vaccine contains isolated proteins from a virus, in this case, HIV proteins produced by a genetically-engineered virus, making it a subunit vaccine.

Question 16

Palivizumab is used to treat respiratory syncytial virus disease. This antiviral drug is a(n)

Accepted Answer

Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody used to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, particularly in high-risk infants. It is not an immunosuppressive, toxoid, nucleoside analog, or vaccine.

Question 17

Which of the following tests is MOST useful in determining the presence of AIDS antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Indirect ELISA is the most sensitive and specific test for detecting AIDS antibodies.

Question 18

Table 18.1
Antibody Titer $$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | l | } 
\hline & \text { Day 1 } & \text { Day } 7 & \text { Day 14 } & \text { Day 21 } \
\hline \text { Patient A } & 0 & 0 & 256 & 512 \
\hline \text { Patient B } & 128 & 256 & 512 & 1024 \
\hline \text { Patient C } & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \
\hline \text { Patient D } & 128 & 128 & 128 & 128 \
\hline
\end{array}$$
-In Table 18.1, who showed seroconversion during these observations?

Accepted Answer

Seroconversion refers to the development of detectable antibodies in response to an infection or vaccination. In Table 18.1, Patient A and Patient B both show an increase in antibody titer over time, indicating the development of antibodies and therefore seroconversion. Patient C has consistently low or undetectable antibody titer, suggesting no seroconversion. Patient D has a steady but low antibody titer, indicating possible prior exposure or vaccination but not seroconversion during these observations. Therefore, the best choice is A) Patient A and B) Patient B.

Question 19

A patientʹs serum, Mycobacterium, guinea pig complement, sheep red blood cells, and anti -sheep red blood cell antibodies are mixed in a test tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies to Mycobacterium?

Accepted Answer

If the patient has antibodies to Mycobacterium, they will bind to the Mycobacterium in the serum, forming immune complexes. These complexes will fix the guinea pig complement, preventing it from lysing the sheep red blood cells, so no hemolysis occurs.

Question 20

Live weakened polio virus can be used directly in a(n)

Accepted Answer

Live weakened polio virus can be used directly in an attenuated whole-agent vaccine. This type of vaccine uses a weakened form of the pathogen to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. The weakened polio virus can still replicate in the body, but it is not strong enough to cause a full-blown infection. This allows the immune system to develop a response to the virus while also providing long-lasting protection against future infections.

Quiz 18: Practical Applications of Immunology