Question 1

Consider the following list of electron configurations:
 
-Which electron energy will produce the largest cutoff wavelength for X-ray production from a nickel (Z = 28) surface?

Accepted Answer

The cutoff wavelength for X-ray production is given by λc = hc/E, where h is the Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, and E is the energy of the incident electron. For a nickel surface (Z =28), the maximum cutoff wavelength is obtained for the minimum electron energy that can excite a K-shell electron, which is about 8.3 keV. Therefore, we need to choose the energy that is just above this threshold. Among the given options, only 25 keV satisfies this condition. Hence, the answer is A) 25 keV.

Question 2

An electron in an atom has the following set of quantum numbers:
n = 2,  = 1,  = -1, mS1U1B1sS1U1B0 = +1/2.
-What shell is this electron occupying?

Accepted Answer

The first quantum number, n = 2, indicates that the electron is in the second energy level or shell of the atom. The second quantum number, l = 1, indicates that the electron is in the p subshell of the L shell. The third quantum number, m_s = +1/2, indicates the electron's spin, which is either +1/2 or -1/2. Therefore, the electron is located in the L shell.

Question 3

Consider the following list of electron configurations:
 
-Which one of the above lists represents the electronic configuration for the ground state of the atom with Z = 11?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the following list of electron configurations:
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Question 4

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1sS1U1P12S1S1P0 2sS1U1P12S1S1P0 2pS1U1P16S1S1P0 3sS1U1P12S1S1P0 3pS1U1P15S1S1P0
-How many protons are in the atomic nucleus?

Accepted Answer

The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of the element. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Counting the number of electrons in the given electronic configuration, we can see that there are 17 electrons. Since the atom is neutral, it must also have 17 protons. Therefore, the answer is D) 17.

Question 5

Complete the following sentence: In the condition known as population inversion,

Accepted Answer

In population inversion, there are more electrons occupying higher energy levels than lower energy levels, which creates a situation where energy can be released in the form of photons, leading to stimulated emission and the amplification of light. Option A refers to a different concept of gas mixture proportions, option B refers to the general concept of energy levels, option C is the opposite of what happens in population inversion, and option E is not related to the concept of population inversion.

Question 6

An argon-ion laser emits a blue-green beam of light with a wavelength of 514.5 nm in a vacuum.What is the difference in energy in joules between the two energy states for the atomic transition that produces this light?

Accepted Answer

The answer of An argon-ion laser emits a blue-green beam...

Question 7

What is the operating voltage of a medical X-ray machine that has a cut-off wavelength of 2.20 × 10^-¹¹ m?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the operating voltage of a...

Question 8

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1sS1U1P12S1S1P0 2sS1U1P12S1S1P0 2pS1U1P16S1S1P0 3sS1U1P12S1S1P0 3pS1U1P15S1S1P0
-How many electrons are in the M shell?

Accepted Answer

The M shell corresponds to the n=3 energy level, and the electronic configuration shows that there are a total of 7 electrons in the 3s and 3p subshells. Therefore, the answer is option D.

Question 9

Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated through a potential difference of 40 kV.The electrons then strike a zirconium (Z = 40) target.Determine the cutoff frequency for X-ray production.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated...

Question 10

Consider the following list of electron configurations:
 
-Which one of the above configurations represents an excited state of a neutral atom?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the following list of electron configurations:
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Question 11

Consider the following list of electron configurations:
 
-Which one of the above configurations represents a transition element?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the following list of electron configurations:
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Question 12

Consider the following list of electron configurations:
 
-Which one of the above configurations represents a neutral atom that readily forms a singly charged positive ion?

Accepted Answer

An atom that readily forms a singly charged positive ion will lose one electron, becoming a cation with a +1 charge. This means that the electron configuration of the cation will be the same as the previous neutral atom but without the lost electron. In option C, the electron configuration of the neutral atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6, which is the electron configuration for a noble gas (argon). Noble gases have a full valence shell, making them very stable and unlikely to form ions. However, if argon loses one electron, it will have the electron configuration of the previous noble gas, neon, which readily forms a +1 cation. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 13

Name the physicist credited with the following statement: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of values for the four quantum numbers.

Accepted Answer

This statement is known as the Pauli Exclusion Principle and is credited to Wolfgang Pauli.

Question 14

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1sS1U1P12S1S1P0 2sS1U1P12S1S1P0 2pS1U1P16S1S1P0 3sS1U1P12S1S1P0 3pS1U1P15S1S1P0
-To which group of the periodic table does this element belong?

Accepted Answer

The electron configuration indicates that this element has 7 valence electrons, filling the 3p orbital. This matches the electronic configuration of Group VII (or 17) elements in the periodic table, also known as the halogens. Therefore, the correct answer is E) VII.

Question 15

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Use the Bohr model to estimate the K _$\alpha$ X-ray wavelength for a gold atom (Z = 79).

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the following list of electron configurations:
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Question 16

Consider the following list of electron configurations:
 
-In an X-ray tube, electrons with energy 38 keV are incident on a cobalt (Z = 27) target.Determine the cutoff wavelength for X-ray production.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the following list of electron configurations:
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Question 17

The ground state electronic configuration of a neon atom is 1s²2s²2p⁶.How many of these electrons have magnetic quantum number m_l = 0?

Accepted Answer

The electronic configuration can be simplified to:
1s2 2s2 2p6
Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins (ms value of + ½ or - ½). 
For an electron to have magnetic quantum number mS = 0, it must have spin up (+ ½) and spin down (- ½) electrons. Therefore, every orbital will have at least one electron with mS = 0. 
There are a total of 6 orbitals in the ground state configuration of neon (2 in 1s subshell, 2 in 2s subshell, and 2 in 2p subshell). So, there are a total of 6 electrons with mS = 0. 
Therefore, the correct answer is C) 6.

Question 18

Consider the following list of electron configurations:
 
-Which electronic configuration is characteristic of noble gases?

Accepted Answer

The noble gases have electron configurations in which the highest energy level is completely filled with electrons. In this list, only option 2 (the electron configuration for neon) fits this description.

Question 19

An electron in an atom has the following set of quantum numbers:
n = 2,  = 1,  = -1, mS1U1B1sS1U1B0 = +1/2.
-In which subshell can the electron be found?

Accepted Answer

The set of quantum numbers given indicates that the electron belongs to the 2p subshell. The principal quantum number (n) is 2, which indicates the second energy level or shell. The azimuthal quantum number (l) is 1, which indicates the p subshell. The magnetic quantum number (ml) is -1, which indicates the -y axis of the p subshell. The spin quantum number (ms) is +1/2, which indicates that the electron's spin is up.

Question 20

Consider the following list of electron configurations:
 
-Which one of the following statements concerning the cutoff wavelength typically exhibited in X-ray spectra is true?

Accepted Answer

The cutoff wavelength in X-ray spectra depends on the potential difference across the X-ray tube. As the potential difference is increased, the maximum energy of the incident electrons also increases, leading to a shorter cutoff wavelength. The target material and the mutual shielding effects of K-shell electrons can affect the shape and intensity of the X-ray spectrum, but not the cutoff wavelength. The cutoff wavelength is also not determined by the energy of the incident electrons, but rather the potential difference. The statement about an incident electron not being able to give up all of its energy is not relevant to the cutoff wavelength in X-ray spectra.

Quiz 30: The Nature of the Atom

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which electron energy will produce the largest cutoff wavelength for X-ray production from a nickel (Z = 28) surface?

An electron in an atom has the following set of quantum numbers: n = 2, = 1, = -1, m_s = +1/2. -What shell is this electron occupying?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which one of the above lists represents the electronic configuration for the ground state of the atom with Z = 11?

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵ -How many protons are in the atomic nucleus?

Complete the following sentence: In the condition known as population inversion,

An argon-ion laser emits a blue-green beam of light with a wavelength of 514.5 nm in a vacuum.What is the difference in energy in joules between the two energy states for the atomic transition that produces this light?

What is the operating voltage of a medical X-ray machine that has a cut-off wavelength of 2.20 × 10^-¹¹ m?

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵ -How many electrons are in the M shell?

Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated through a potential difference of 40 kV.The electrons then strike a zirconium (Z = 40) target.Determine the cutoff frequency for X-ray production.

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which one of the above configurations represents an excited state of a neutral atom?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which one of the above configurations represents a transition element?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which one of the above configurations represents a neutral atom that readily forms a singly charged positive ion?

Name the physicist credited with the following statement: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of values for the four quantum numbers.

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵ -To which group of the periodic table does this element belong?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -In an X-ray tube, electrons with energy 38 keV are incident on a cobalt (Z = 27) target.Determine the cutoff wavelength for X-ray production.

The ground state electronic configuration of a neon atom is 1s²2s²2p⁶.How many of these electrons have magnetic quantum number m_l = 0?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which electronic configuration is characteristic of noble gases?

An electron in an atom has the following set of quantum numbers: n = 2, = 1, = -1, m_s = +1/2. -In which subshell can the electron be found?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which one of the following statements concerning the cutoff wavelength typically exhibited in X-ray spectra is true?

Quiz 30: The Nature of the Atom

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which electron energy will produce the largest cutoff wavelength for X-ray production from a nickel (Z = 28) surface?

An electron in an atom has the following set of quantum numbers: n = 2, = 1, = -1, ms = +1/2. -What shell is this electron occupying?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which one of the above lists represents the electronic configuration for the ground state of the atom with Z = 11?

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 -How many protons are in the atomic nucleus?

Complete the following sentence: In the condition known as population inversion,

An argon-ion laser emits a blue-green beam of light with a wavelength of 514.5 nm in a vacuum.What is the difference in energy in joules between the two energy states for the atomic transition that produces this light?

What is the operating voltage of a medical X-ray machine that has a cut-off wavelength of 2.20 × 10-11 m?

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 -How many electrons are in the M shell?

Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated through a potential difference of 40 kV.The electrons then strike a zirconium (Z = 40) target.Determine the cutoff frequency for X-ray production.

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which one of the above configurations represents an excited state of a neutral atom?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which one of the above configurations represents a transition element?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which one of the above configurations represents a neutral atom that readily forms a singly charged positive ion?

Name the physicist credited with the following statement: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of values for the four quantum numbers.

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 -To which group of the periodic table does this element belong?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Use the Bohr model to estimate the K α\alphaα X-ray wavelength for a gold atom (Z = 79) .

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -In an X-ray tube, electrons with energy 38 keV are incident on a cobalt (Z = 27) target.Determine the cutoff wavelength for X-ray production.

The ground state electronic configuration of a neon atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6.How many of these electrons have magnetic quantum number ml = 0?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which electronic configuration is characteristic of noble gases?

An electron in an atom has the following set of quantum numbers: n = 2, = 1, = -1, ms = +1/2. -In which subshell can the electron be found?

Consider the following list of electron configurations: -Which one of the following statements concerning the cutoff wavelength typically exhibited in X-ray spectra is true?

An electron in an atom has the following set of quantum numbers: n = 2, = 1, = -1, m_s = +1/2. -What shell is this electron occupying?

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵ -How many protons are in the atomic nucleus?

What is the operating voltage of a medical X-ray machine that has a cut-off wavelength of 2.20 × 10^-¹¹ m?

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵ -How many electrons are in the M shell?

A neutral atom has the following electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵ -To which group of the periodic table does this element belong?

The ground state electronic configuration of a neon atom is 1s²2s²2p⁶.How many of these electrons have magnetic quantum number m_l = 0?

An electron in an atom has the following set of quantum numbers: n = 2, = 1, = -1, m_s = +1/2. -In which subshell can the electron be found?