Question 1

Suppose you have $100 to invest for a year and the nominal interest rate is 7 percent. If the inflation rate during the year is 4 percent, at the end of the year your nominal gain from the investment is
A) $3.
B) $4.
C) $7.
D) $11.

Accepted Answer

The nominal gain from the investment is calculated by applying the nominal interest rate to the initial investment. With a 7 percent nominal interest rate on a $100 investment, the nominal gain is $100 * 0.07 = $7.

Question 2

In the long run, increases in the growth rate of the money supply will ________ nominal rates of interest and ________ real rates of interest.
A) increase; decrease
B) decrease; decrease
C) increase; not affect
D) decrease; not affect

Accepted Answer

In the long run, increases in the growth rate of the money supply will increase nominal rates of interest due to inflation expectations but will not affect real rates of interest, which are determined by real factors like productivity and savings rates.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of an expectation of inflation?
A) Producers expect their prices on average to be higher next year.
B) Producers expect the prices they pay for raw materials to be higher next year.
C) Workers expect that the prices they pay for goods and services will be higher next year.
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

All three options describe expectations of higher prices in the future, which is a key element of inflation expectations. Producers expecting higher prices for their goods and raw materials, as well as workers expecting higher prices for goods and services, all contribute to an overall expectation of inflation in the economy.

Question 4

Compared to other countries, inflation in the United States has been
A) generally less severe.
B) generally more severe.
C) always worse.
D) about the same.

Accepted Answer

Inflation in the United States has been generally less severe compared to other countries. The US has experienced periods of high inflation, such as in the 1970s, but overall it has had a relatively stable inflation rate compared to countries like Venezuela, Zimbabwe, or Brazil.

Question 5

In the short run, decreases in the money supply growth rate will
A) decrease real interest rates.
B) increase real interest rates.
C) may increase or decrease real interest rates.
D) have no effect on real interest rates.

Accepted Answer

In the short run, decreases in the money supply growth rate will lead to a decrease in the supply of money, which will increase the demand for money. This increase in demand for money will lead to an increase in real interest rates. Therefore, the best choice is B, which states that decreases in the money supply growth rate will increase real interest rates.

Question 6

Suppose the inflation rate is 3 percent this year. If nominal wages increase by 5 percent, real wages will
A) decrease by 2 percent.
B) increase by 2 percent.
C) increase by 5 percent.
D) decrease by 3 percent.

Accepted Answer

Real wages are calculated by subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal wage increase. So, in this case, real wages will increase by 2 percent (5 percent nominal increase minus 3 percent inflation rate).

Question 7

Suppose the inflation rate is 2 percent this year. If nominal wages increase by 5 percent, real wages will
A) decrease by 5 percent.
B) increase by 2 percent.
C) increase by 7 percent.
D) decrease by 3 percent.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose the inflation rate is 2 percent...

Question 8

Suppose workers receive a 5 percent increase in wages and prices are rising by 5 percent. Workers will experience
A) an increase in nominal wages and a decrease in real wages.
B) an increase in nominal wages and an increase in real wages.
C) an increase in nominal wages but real wages are unchanged.
D) a decrease in nominal wages and a decrease in real wages.

Accepted Answer

The workers' nominal wages will increase by 5 percent due to the wage increase, but their real wages will remain unchanged because the increase in prices has offset the wage increase. Real wages measure the purchasing power of nominal wages, which can be calculated as the nominal wage divided by the price level. In this case, the increase in nominal wages is cancelled out by the increase in prices, so real wages are unchanged.

Question 9

In the long run, decreases in the growth rate of the money supply will ________ nominal rates of interest and ________ real rates of interest.
A) decrease; increase
B) decrease; decrease
C) increase; increase
D) decrease; not affect

Accepted Answer

In the long run, a decrease in the growth rate of the money supply will lead to lower nominal interest rates due to reduced inflation expectations, but it will not affect real interest rates, which are determined by real factors like productivity and time preferences.

Question 10

If nominal wages increase by 5 percent while real wages fall by 1 percent, the inflation rate must be
A) 1 percent.
B) 4 percent.
C) 5 percent.
D) 6 percent.

Accepted Answer

The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level. In this case, the price level has increased by 6 percent, since nominal wages have increased by 5 percent and real wages have fallen by 1 percent.

Question 11

When the expected rate of inflation is added to the real interest rate, the result is called the
A) preferred rate.
B) nominal interest rate.
C) adjustment rate.
D) differential rate.

Accepted Answer

The nominal interest rate is calculated by adding the expected rate of inflation to the real interest rate. This represents the actual interest rate that borrowers and lenders agree upon, and takes into account the impact of inflation on the value of money over time. Choices A, C, and D are not accurate terms in this context.

Question 12

All else equal, if workers confuse real and nominal magnitudes, they are experiencing
A) expectations of inflation.
B) money illusion.
C) monetary confusion.
D) fiscal policy.

Accepted Answer

Money illusion refers to a situation where workers or individuals confuse nominal and real magnitudes. For instance, if workers receive a 2% nominal wage increase but inflation is also 2%, then their real wage has not increased. However, if workers focus solely on the nominal increase and overlook the inflation, they are experiencing money illusion.

Question 13

In the short run, increases in the money supply growth rate will
A) decrease real interest rates.
B) increase real interest rates.
C) may increase or decrease real interest rates.
D) have no effect on real interest rates.

Accepted Answer

In the short run, increases in the money supply growth rate typically decrease real interest rates because the additional liquidity in the economy makes borrowing cheaper, encouraging spending and investment.

Question 14

Suppose the inflation rate is 6 percent this year. If nominal wages increase by 6 percent, real wages will
A) increase by 6 percent.
B) increase by 9 percent.
C) decrease by 12 percent.
D) not change.

Accepted Answer

Real wages will not change if nominal wages increase by the same amount as the inflation rate. In this case, nominal wage growth and inflation rate are 6 percent, so there will be no change in real wages.

Question 15

The real rate of interest is defined as the
A) expected inflation rate minus the nominal interest rate.
B) expected inflation rate plus the nominal interest rate.
C) nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate.
D) nominal inflation rate plus the expected inflation rate.

Accepted Answer

The real rate of interest is calculated by subtracting the expected inflation rate from the nominal interest rate, giving a measure of the actual purchasing power of the return on an investment. Option A and D are incorrect because they add or subtract both the expected inflation rate and the nominal interest rate, which would result in an unrealistic rate of interest. Option B is incorrect because adding the expected inflation rate would raise the nominal interest rate, which would artificially inflate the real rate of interest.

Question 16

Suppose you have $100 to invest for a year and the nominal interest rate is 7 percent. If the inflation rate during the year is 4 percent, at the end of the year your real gain from the investment is approximately
A) $3.
B) $4.
C) $7.
D) $11.

Accepted Answer

The real gain from an investment is calculated by subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal interest rate. Here, 7% - 4% = 3%. Therefore, the real gain is approximately $3.

Question 17

If nominal wages increase by 6 percent while real wages increase by 4 percent, the inflation rate must be
A) 2 percent.
B) 4 percent.
C) 6 percent.
D) 10 percent.

Accepted Answer

Nominal wages refer to the actual amount of money paid to workers, while real wages refer to the purchasing power of these wages. Real wages are calculated by adjusting nominal wages for inflation.

In this case, if nominal wages increased by 6 percent but real wages only increased by 4 percent, it means that the cost of living must have increased by 2 percent. Therefore, the inflation rate must be 2 percent.

Question 18

The United States had serious difficulties fighting inflation in
A) the 1970s.
B) the 1980s.
C) both the 1970s and the 1980s.
D) every decade since World War II.

Accepted Answer

The United States had serious difficulties fighting inflation in both the 1970s and the 1980s. The 1970s saw high inflation rates due to factors such as the oil shock and expansionary monetary policies, while the 1980s saw inflation brought under control through tight monetary policies implemented by the Federal Reserve.

Question 19

In the long run, decreases in the money supply will
A) decrease real interest rates.
B) increase real interest rates.
C) may increase or decrease real interest rates.
D) have no effect on real interest rates.

Accepted Answer

In the long run, changes in the money supply do not affect real variables like real interest rates due to the classical dichotomy and monetary neutrality.

Question 20

If nominal wages increase by 4 percent while real wages remain constant, the inflation rate must be
A) -2 percent.
B) 0 percent.
C) 2 percent.
D) 4 percent.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If nominal wages increase by 4 percent...

Quiz 16: The Dynamics of Inflation and Unemployment

Suppose you have $100 to invest for a year and the nominal interest rate is 7 percent. If the inflation rate during the year is 4 percent, at the end of the year your nominal gain from the investment is

In the long run, increases in the growth rate of the money supply will nominal rates of interest and real rates of interest.

Which of the following is an example of an expectation of inflation?

Compared to other countries, inflation in the United States has been

In the short run, decreases in the money supply growth rate will

Suppose the inflation rate is 3 percent this year. If nominal wages increase by 5 percent, real wages will

Suppose the inflation rate is 2 percent this year. If nominal wages increase by 5 percent, real wages will

Suppose workers receive a 5 percent increase in wages and prices are rising by 5 percent. Workers will experience

In the long run, decreases in the growth rate of the money supply will nominal rates of interest and real rates of interest.

If nominal wages increase by 5 percent while real wages fall by 1 percent, the inflation rate must be

When the expected rate of inflation is added to the real interest rate, the result is called the

All else equal, if workers confuse real and nominal magnitudes, they are experiencing

In the short run, increases in the money supply growth rate will

Suppose the inflation rate is 6 percent this year. If nominal wages increase by 6 percent, real wages will

The real rate of interest is defined as the

Suppose you have $100 to invest for a year and the nominal interest rate is 7 percent. If the inflation rate during the year is 4 percent, at the end of the year your real gain from the investment is approximately

If nominal wages increase by 6 percent while real wages increase by 4 percent, the inflation rate must be

The United States had serious difficulties fighting inflation in

In the long run, decreases in the money supply will

If nominal wages increase by 4 percent while real wages remain constant, the inflation rate must be