Question 1

____ is a technique to examine the structure of a questionnaire.It creates groups of items on a questionnaire based on how related the responses are to each other.Fill in the blank.

Accepted Answer

Factor analysis is used to identify underlying variables, or factors, that explain the pattern of correlations within a set of observed variables. It is often used in questionnaire design to determine if a set of questions measures underlying constructs effectively.

Question 2

_____________ are(is)studies that compare cultures on some psychological variable of interest.They serve as the backbone of cross-cultural research,and are the most prevalent type of cross-cultural study.Fill in the blank.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural comparisons are studies that compare cultures on psychological variables, serving as the foundation of cross-cultural research and are the most common type of such studies.

Question 3

________ is the procedure researchers use in determining their sample.Fill in the blank.

Accepted Answer

Sampling is the process by which researchers select individuals or elements from a population to participate in a study, aiming to make inferences about the population based on the sample.

Question 4

This is the concept underlying the procedure of back translation that involves eliminating any culture-specific concepts of the original language or translating them equivalently into the target language.

Accepted Answer

Decentering is the process used in back translation to remove or equivalently translate culture-specific concepts from the original language to the target language, ensuring the translation is culturally neutral and understandable in the target context.

Question 5

Socially desirable responding is the tendency to give answers that makes oneself look good.People of certain culture have greater concerns than people of other culture that lead them to respond in socially desirable ways.

Accepted Answer

Cultural norms and values significantly influence the extent to which individuals engage in socially desirable responding, with some cultures emphasizing modesty, conformity, or the importance of social harmony more than others, leading to variations in the tendency to respond in ways that are viewed favorably by others.

Question 6

_____________ is the tendency to give answers that make oneself look good,and it may be that people of certain cultures have greater concerns that lead them to respond in socially desirable ways than people of other cultures.

Accepted Answer

Socially desirable responding is the tendency to give answers that make oneself look good, often influenced by cultural norms and the desire to conform to perceived social expectations.

Question 7

________ can be defined as a state or condition of similarity in conceptual meaning and empirical method between cultures that allows comparisons to be meaningful.It means that if any aspect of a cross-cultural study is not entirely equal in meaning or the method across the cultures being compared,then the comparison loses its meaning.Fill in the blank.

Accepted Answer

Equivalence is the term that refers to the state or condition where there is similarity in conceptual meaning and empirical method across cultures, making comparisons meaningful. Without equivalence, cross-cultural comparisons may not accurately reflect true differences or similarities.

Question 8

Lack of equivalence is known as a ____ in cross-cultural comparisons.Fill in the blank.

Accepted Answer

Lack of equivalence in cross-cultural comparisons is known as a bias. This can occur when a concept or measurement does not have the same meaning or relevance across different cultures, leading to skewed or inaccurate comparisons.

Question 9

Which of the following refers to the degree to which a finding,measurement,or statistic is consistent.

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A measurement is considered reliable if it yields the same results repeatedly under the same conditions.

Question 10

Which one of the following statements is correct in terms of internal reliability ?

Accepted Answer

Internal reliability refers to the consistency of the results delivered by items within a test or questionnaire. It is assessed by examining whether the items on a questionnaire are all related to each other, indicating that they are consistently measuring the same construct.

Question 11

Which one of the following statements about the response biases is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of the following statements about...

Question 12

This refers to the degree of measures that are used to collect data in different cultures which are equally valid and reliable.

Accepted Answer

Measurement equivalence refers to the degree to which measures used to collect data in different cultures are equally valid and reliable, ensuring that comparisons across cultures are meaningful and accurate.

Question 13

____ are variables that operationalize aspects of culture; researchers believe it produces a difference in psychological variables.Their variables are actually measured in unpackaging studies.Fill in the blank.

Accepted Answer

Context variables are used in unpackaging studies to operationalize aspects of culture, aiming to understand how these aspects influence psychological variables.

Question 14

Cross-cultural comparisons are studies that compare cultures on some psychological variable of interest.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural comparisons involve examining the differences and similarities among cultures in various psychological aspects, such as behaviors, values, norms, and cognitive processes, to understand how cultural contexts influence human psychology.

Question 15

In translating the English word anger,for example,we might indeed find an equivalent word in Cantonese or Spanish.But it would not have the same connotations,strength,and interpretation in those languages as it does in English.It is very difficult to find exact translation equivalents of most words.Thus,cross-cultural researchers need to be concerned with measurement equivalence in addition to ____________.Fill in the blank.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In translating the English word anger,for example,we...

Question 16

This refers to Studies in which researchers create conditions to establish cause-effect relationships,in which participants are randomly assigned to groups and compared across conditions

Accepted Answer

Experiments are designed to establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables, randomly assigning participants to groups, and comparing outcomes across these groups. Ethnographies and content analysis do not involve this level of controlled manipulation and random assignment.

Question 17

Studies that utilize rich,complex,in-depth descriptions of culture,and cultural differences to predict and test for differences in a psychological variable are called?

Accepted Answer

Cultural Studies focus on understanding and exploring the complexities of culture and its impact on various aspects of human behavior, including psychological variables.

Question 18

Which of the following is the strategy to deal with nonequivalent data?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the strategy...

Question 19

What would be a concern to take into consideration when interpreting data from cross-cultural studies?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What would be a concern to take...

Question 20

In a cross-cultural study on intelligence,two people take the Stanford Binet intelligence test.One is an American surgeon and the other is a tribe chief from the Amazon.The American receives the higher score,yet this doesn't necessarily mean she is more intelligent.These differences may,in fact,reflect problems in?

Accepted Answer

The differences in scores may reflect issues with equivalence in concept and measurement of intelligence, as intelligence can be culturally defined and the test may not accurately measure the tribe chief's intelligence in his cultural context.

Quiz 2: Cross Cultural Research Methods