Question 1

Miller and Weiss asked 7-,10-,and 13-year-olds to remember the locations of animals hidden behind flaps,telling the children to pay attention to the animals and ignore other objects behind each flap.How helpful were these instructions for each age group?

Accepted Answer

The instructions were most helpful for the 13-year-olds because as children age, their ability to selectively attend to relevant information and ignore irrelevant information improves. Younger children, even when instructed, tend to have more difficulty with this task.

Question 2

According to recent research findings,why do older children make more correct judgments as to whether two complex pictures are different?

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

Your psychology professor asks you for the name of the individual who identified three different levels of moral development.To answer this question correctly,what type of memory will you need to use?

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

Which statement best characterizes the results of Vurpillot and colleagues' experiments regarding the abilities of children to search two different visual scenes and to identify differences between them?

Accepted Answer

Vurpillot and colleagues found that children over the age of 8 were more systematic in their searches and thus performed well. This implies that children under the age of 8 may not have performed as well. Choice A and B are contradicted by the results, and choice D is too broad and does not accurately reflect the specific findings of the study.

Question 5

Lynette is writing a test in geography and is trying to recall the capital of Germany.To answer this question correctly,what type of memory will Lynnette need to use?

Accepted Answer

Lynette needs to use her strategic memory in order to recall the information about the capital of Germany. This type of memory involves conscious effort to remember information, such as using memory techniques or repeating information to oneself in order to commit it to memory. Autobiographical memory pertains to personal life events, transitional memory is not a recognized type of memory, and event memory pertains to memories of specific experiences.

Question 6

According to Brainerd and Gordon,why might young children think more slowly and less efficiently than older children?

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Improvements in which skill best accounts for why older children are better than younger children at finding lost objects?

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

Wayne and Sally are telling their friends about the interesting things they did during their recent trip to Banff National Park.What type of memory are Wayne and Sally using to communicate the events of their trip?

Accepted Answer

Wayne and Sally are recalling specific events from their trip, indicating that they are using episodic memory, which involves remembering specific experiences and events.

Question 9

Which type of event memory is the earliest to develop?

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

Drew is demonstrating a new computer program to his younger sister.What type of memory would Drew need to use as he shows her how to open the application and create a file?

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

Mr.Reynolds asks his Grade 3 students to write a short essay about what they did during their spring break.To do this effectively,what type of memory will his students need to use?

Accepted Answer

To write a short essay about what they did during their spring break, the students will need to use event memory, which allows them to recall specific experiences and activities that occurred during their break.

Question 12

Younger children tend to recall more incidental,irrelevant information about situations than do older children and adults.Difficulties with which cognitive process is thought to account for the younger children's deficit?

Accepted Answer

Selective attention is the cognitive process of selectively focusing on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other information. Younger children may have difficulties with selective attention, causing them to remember incidental and irrelevant information alongside important information, whereas older children and adults are better able to filter out irrelevant information and attend to what is important.

Question 13

Researchers have found that 6-year-olds give more sustained attention to their toys or activities than do younger children.What has this developmental change in attention span been attributed to?

Accepted Answer

The myelinization of the reticular formation, which is responsible for attention regulation, improves during the preschool years, leading to an increase in sustained attention abilities.

Question 14

Rachel is 4 years old and has difficulty with a task requiring her to decide whether two complex stimuli are the same or different.To what would Vurpillot attribute Rachel's difficulties with this task?

Accepted Answer

Vurpillot would attribute Rachel's difficulties with the task to a failure to use systematic attention, as this theory emphasizes the importance of systematic scanning and comparison processes in distinguishing between complex stimuli.

Question 15

Jaylene is a 2-year-old toddler.Although she knows that she should not touch her mother's books,she cannot seem to stop herself from doing so,despite the fact that she has been scolded on numerous occasions.How would an information theorist account for Jaylene's behaviour?

Accepted Answer

According to information theory, behavior is governed by a predominant response - a tendency to respond in a certain way to a particular stimulus. Jaylene's behavior suggests that she is executing her predominant response, despite being scolded.

Question 16

In contrast to theorists who emphasize the activation of cognitive processes in the development of thinking skills,others emphasize the importance of which skill?

Accepted Answer

Some theorists believe that the development of thinking skills is more related to the ability to inhibit automatic or impulsive responses, rather than the activation of cognitive processes. This ability is often referred to as "inhibition" or "self-control" and is viewed as an important component of executive functioning.

Question 17

What is the term for memories of events that we have personally experienced?

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memories refer to memories of personal experiences. Strategic memories refer to memories used for problem-solving, scripted memories refer to memories of commonly occurring events, and contextual memories refer to memories of the context surrounding an event.

Question 18

A 5-year-old relates her experience about going to the dentist: "You get in the car,drive there,get out,go inside,wait,get in the dental chair,get teeth fixed,jump from the chair,walk to the car,and go home." How would a psychologist characterize this child's memory strategy?

Accepted Answer

The child's memory strategy is described as a general memory script, which is a mental framework that organizes information and events in a typical sequence. The child's account follows a typical sequence of events when going to the dentist, suggesting that she has encoded this information into a general memory script. The other options (apprehension event, metamemory script, rehearsal event) do not accurately describe the child's memory strategy in this context.

Question 19

In a research study 6-year-olds and 14-year-olds are asked to sort coloured cards.In order to increase performance,will it be helpful to tell the participants to pay attention to the colours,while ignoring the shape of the cards?

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

In addition to the advances in the development of brain physiology,what other factor is thought to account for the improvement in attention span with age?

Accepted Answer

As individuals get older, they tend to develop more effective attentional strategies, allowing them to better filter distractions and maintain focus on relevant stimuli. This improvement in attentional strategies is thought to contribute to the increase in attention span with age.

Quiz 9: Cognitive Development