Question 1

Suppose that an infant encounters a friendly person who is a stranger to him or her.Which of the following persons would be most likely to evoke a fear reaction in a 6- to 12-month-old infant?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

According to the ethological viewpoint,why do stranger anxiety and separation anxiety become less intense during the second year?

Accepted Answer

According to the ethological viewpoint, as children grow older and gain mobility, they use their attachment figure (often their mother) as a secure base to explore their environment. This secure base allows children to feel more comfortable with novel things and people, which in turn reduces the intensity of their stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.

Question 3

Under which of the following circumstances are infants and toddlers most likely to protest when separated from their primary caregiver?

Accepted Answer

Infants and toddlers are more likely to protest when they cannot account for the whereabouts of their primary caregiver. This is because at this age, they have not yet developed the cognitive ability to understand time or the concept of someone temporarily leaving and returning. Therefore, when their caregiver is not where they expect them to be, they feel confused and anxious, leading to protests.

Question 4

According to ethological theory,what produces attachment-related fears?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to ethological theory,what produces attachment-related fears?
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Question 5

Lyssa is 10 months old when her mother takes her on long car trip to visit her grandmother for the first time.As soon as they arrive,Lyssa's grandmother rushes toward her,picks her up,and starts talking to her in a loud voice.Lyssa starts to cry and struggles to be put down.Is Lyssa's reaction to her grandmother typical?

Accepted Answer

At 10 months of age, infants are typically able to recognize familiar faces and react positively to them. However, in this case, Lyssa's grandmother is someone she has never met before, which can be overwhelming and frightening for a young child. It is not uncommon for infants to cry or resist being held by unfamiliar adults, especially if they approach in a loud or abrupt manner.

Question 6

Which of the following best characterizes the developmental time course of separation anxiety?

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety typically appears around 6 to 8 months of age, peaks at around 14 to 18 months, and then gradually declines. Therefore, option B best characterizes the developmental time course of separation anxiety.

Question 7

According to current research findings,how does the context of the situation influence the expression of stranger anxiety?

Accepted Answer

The context of the situation can influence the expression of stranger anxiety. Current research suggests that stranger anxiety is reduced if a stranger interacts with the caregiver and then allows the child to participate in the interaction. This way, the child is able to observe that the caregiver welcomes the stranger, and feels more comfortable doing so themselves. This approach is known as the "indirect approach" and has been shown to be effective in reducing stranger anxiety in young children. Additionally, research shows that if a stranger first approaches the caregiver rather than the child, it can intensify stranger anxiety in the child.

Question 8

Which of the following characterizes the developmental time course of wary reactions to strangers?

Accepted Answer

Wary reactions to strangers typically peak at 8 to 10 months and then gradually decline in intensity. This is due to increased attachment to familiar caregivers and the ability to differentiate between strangers and familiar individuals.

Question 9

Based upon Ainsworth's original research,which of the following is the correct ranking of attachment styles from most common to least common?

Accepted Answer

Ainsworth's original research found that secure attachment was the most common, followed by avoidant attachment and then resistant attachment. Therefore, the correct ranking from most common to least common is secure/avoidant/resistant, which is represented in option B.

Question 10

Five-month-old Trevor and 12-month-old Sondra are left in the care of a babysitter for an evening.According to the research on separation anxiety,how is each child likely to behave?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Five-month-old Trevor and 12-month-old Sondra are left...

Question 11

What is the term for the most common form of attachment to the primary caregiver?

Accepted Answer

The most common form of attachment to the primary caregiver is called secure attachment.

Question 12

According to Mary Ainsworth,how will a securely attached child behave in the strange-situation test?

Accepted Answer

According to Mary Ainsworth, a securely attached child will play and explore new settings when the parent is present. They will also use the parent as a secure base to return to when they feel frightened or uncertain. When the parent briefly leaves and then returns, the child may express some distress but will quickly calm down and seek comfort from the parent. They will also interact positively with a stranger when the parent is present.

Question 13

Suppose that a 5-month-old child turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches in a playground.How would this reaction be regarded by modern developmentalists?

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

Which form of attachment characterizes the majority of North American infants?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the majority of North American infants are classified as having a secure attachment style, which is characterized by using the caregiver as a secure base for exploring their environment and seeking comfort from them when distressed. This attachment style is considered to be associated with positive outcomes in later life, such as better emotional regulation and social skills.

Question 15

According to cognitive-developmental theory,what best accounts for the development of attachment-related fears?

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

Suppose that you observe that an infant fusses when separated from the mother because he or she did not see her leave the room.Which explanation for separation anxiety would your observation support?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that you observe that an infant...

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a "stranger encounter" that an infant is least likely to fear?

Accepted Answer

Infants are least likely to fear stranger encounters when they can control the pace of their interaction with the stranger. This makes them feel more in control of the situation and less threatened. Option A is incorrect because a bold and confident approach by a stranger can be intimidating for an infant. Option B is incorrect because when an infant is seated away from their caregiver, they may feel more vulnerable and therefore more likely to be fearful of a stranger. Option C is incorrect because an unfamiliar setting can also add to an infant's sense of vulnerability and fear.

Question 18

Belinda is 8 months old.She turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches her at the grocery store.How would this reaction be regarded by modern developmentalists?

Accepted Answer

According to modern developmentalists, it is typical for infants at around 8 months old to display stranger anxiety or discomfort when approached by unfamiliar people. This is a normal part of their attachment and social development.

Question 19

Carl is 12 months old,and in the strange-situation test he displays little distress when his mother leaves and ignores her when she returns.According to Ainsworth,which type of attachment relationship is Carl exhibiting?

Accepted Answer

Carl is exhibiting avoidant attachment, as he displays little distress when his mother leaves and ignores her when she returns. This type of attachment is characterized by a lack of responsiveness to the caregiver and a tendency to avoid them.

Question 20

According to cognitive-developmental theory,under what circumstances is separation anxiety strongest?

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety is strongest when the child does not see the parent leave because it can cause confusion and insecurity, leading to heightened anxiety due to the sudden and unexplained absence of the caregiver.

Quiz 12: Emotional Development,temperament,and Attachment