Question 1

Explain what is meant by the term psychological androgyny.

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Question 2

Outline changes in children's preferences for same-sex or other-sex playmates from late infancy thorough to preadolescence.

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Question 3

Briefly outline the key aspects of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of gender typing and gender-role development.What criticisms have been brought against this theoretical perspective?

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Question 4

Describe sex differences in the display of gender-typed behaviour during the preschool and grade-school years,and discuss two potential reasons as to why these differences might occur.

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Question 5

What is gender intensification and when does it emerge? Discuss two reasons for this process.

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Question 6

List and describe two characteristics of parenting practices that promote psychological androgyny in children.

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Question 7

Briefly outline the key aspects of Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory of gender typing and gender-role development.What criticisms have been brought against this theoretical perspective?

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Question 8

Briefly outline the key aspects of social learning theories of gender typing and gender-role development.What criticisms have been brought against this theoretical perspective?

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Question 9

Briefly outline the key aspects of the evolutionary perspective on gender typing and gender-role development.What criticisms have been brought against this theoretical perspective?

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Question 10

Discuss gender typing and gender role development in terms of cross-cultural (or subcultural)differences.How might culture shape our gender perceptions? As well,how might our perceptions change from generation to generation?

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Question 11

Briefly outline the major steps in the process of sexual differentiation beginning at conception.

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Question 12

What proportion of university students display psychological androgyny,and how does psychological androgyny appear to influence an individual's overall psychological adjustment?

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Question 13

Describe what the results from behavioural genetic studies of adolescent twins suggest regarding genetic influences on gender self-concepts.

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Question 14

Briefly outline the key aspects of Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory of gender typing and gender-role development.What criticisms have been brought against this theoretical perspective?

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Question 15

List and describe the three stages Kohlberg suggested children pass through as they develop a mature understanding of what it means to be male or female.

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Question 16

Briefly outline the key aspects of Martin and Halverson's gender schema theory of gender typing and gender-role development.What criticisms have been brought against this theoretical perspective?

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Question 17

Describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH),and describe the conclusions from research that has tracked individuals with CAH through adolescence.

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Question 18

In general,how effective are programs that are aimed at reducing sex and gender stereotypes? Provide research examples to support your position.

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Question 19

Describe testicular feminization syndrome,and gender-role development in individuals with this syndrome.

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Question 20

According to an integrative approach to understanding gender typing and gender-role development,the key factors that influence these processes change during early development.List the factors that are most influential during the following developmental periods: (a)the prenatal period,(b)the first three years of infancy and toddlerhood,(c)the preschool and early school years (ages 3 to 6),(d)the elementary-school years (age 7 to puberty),and (e)puberty and beyond.

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Quiz 14: Sex Differences and Similarities,gender-Role Development,and Sexual Behavior