Question 1

Which of the following characterizes the research findings regarding the effect of socioeconomic status on child-rearing practices?

Accepted Answer

Research findings suggest that upper- and middle-class parents tend to be more authoritative and place more stress on independence and ambition, while also valuing respect for authority and discipline. This differs from the parenting style of economically disadvantaged and working-class parents, who may be more permissive and place more emphasis on the importance of practical skills and social connections. Though there may be some variations in individual parenting practices within these categories, overall there are statistically significant differences in child-rearing approaches based on socioeconomic status.

Question 2

Which pattern of child rearing has been found to be associated with the highest cognitive and social competencies in grade-school children?

Accepted Answer

The authoritative pattern of child rearing has been found to be associated with the highest cognitive and social competencies in grade-school children. This style involves setting clear rules and expectations while also being warm, responsive, and open to communication with the child.

Question 3

Belinda believes that parents have the major influence on children's development and so she imposes her will on both her son and daughter.This type of belief is consistent with which model of family interaction?

Accepted Answer

The parent-effects model suggests that parents have the primary influence on children's development and outcomes. Belinda imposing her will on her children is consistent with this model as she believes that her actions and decisions will have a significant impact on her children's development.

Question 4

Research findings support the conclusion that mothers who have less education are more likely to exhibit what type of disciplinary style?

Accepted Answer

Research has found that mothers with less education are more likely to utilize a coercive discipline style, which is characterized by high levels of control and punishment without explanation or reasoning. This can be attributed to various factors such as lack of knowledge about effective disciplinary strategies and higher levels of stress and frustration due to societal and economic challenges associated with lower education levels.

Question 5

Several different Canadian research studies have produced support for the notion that the effectiveness of parenting styles is dependent on the culture in which the child is being raised.For example,the focus of Chinese parents on the inhibition of behaviour in children is associated with which parenting style?

Accepted Answer

The focus of Chinese parents on the inhibition of behavior in children is associated with a punishment-oriented parenting style, which emphasizes discipline and obedience, often through the use of punitive measures.

Question 6

Which statement most accurately reflects the research findings concerning the disciplinary style of a parent with low socioeconomic status?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that parents with low socioeconomic status tend to use a more authoritarian and punitive disciplinary style, which is reflected in the statement "We aren't in the mood to put up with whining, disobedient kids." The other options do not reflect this style.

Question 7

Compared to high-SES parents,low-SES parents are more likely to have which type of parenting style?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that low-SES (Socioeconomic Status) parents are more likely to adopt an authoritarian parenting style. This style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, where parents might impose strict rules and expect obedience without much negotiation. Factors contributing to this include stress, limited resources, and cultural values that may prioritize respect and obedience.

Question 8

According to the child-effects model,which behavioural influences are most important to a child's developmental trajectory?

Accepted Answer

The child-effects model emphasizes the influence that children have on their parents, suggesting that children's behavior can significantly shape their own developmental trajectory by affecting how their parents respond and interact with them.

Question 9

Research findings support the conclusion that urban,African American mothers are more likely to exhibit what type of disciplinary style?

Accepted Answer

Research findings show that urban, African American mothers are more likely to exhibit coercive disciplinary style, which involves the use of harsh, punitive discipline and threats to control child behavior. This may be due to the challenging environmental factors they face, such as poverty, neighborhood violence, and discrimination, which can increase their stress levels and affect their parenting practices.

Question 10

According to the results of several cross-cultural research studies,distinct differences exist between the parenting practices of Asian and North American parents.Which statement best characterizes the behaviour of parents of Asian descent,regardless of where they were raised?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the results of several cross-cultural...

Question 11

According to Nancy Galambos and colleagues,what behavioural outcome is associated with the use of psychological control for discipline?

Accepted Answer

According to Nancy Galambos and colleagues, the use of psychological control for discipline is associated with anxiety and depression in children.

Question 12

Many developmentalists have contributed to our understanding of the interaction between children and their parents in determining behavioural outcomes.Overall,what is regarded as the most important contributor to this interaction?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that both parental warmth (acceptance and responsiveness) and discipline (setting limits and consequences) are important in determining behavioural outcomes in children. However, they are considered independent factors and both are needed for optimal outcomes. Warmth without discipline can lead to permissiveness and poor self-regulation in children, while discipline without warmth can lead to harsh parenting and poor emotional development in children. Therefore, a balance between the two is necessary for positive outcomes.

Question 13

Which of the following best summarizes the response of parents to conflicts with their children during the adolescent years?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that parents tend to view conflicts with their adolescent children through a social-conventional lens, meaning they focus on issues related to social norms and expectations rather than personal rights. This can lead to disagreements over issues such as curfew, chores, and appropriate dress, as parents attempt to enforce social norms while adolescents strive for independence and autonomy. However, this does not necessarily indicate a shift towards a more authoritarian or uninvolved parenting style.

Question 14

Why might adolescent employment be beneficial?

Accepted Answer

Adolescent employment has been found to be associated with a sense of self-efficacy and economic autonomy. This means that adolescents who work are likely to feel more confident in their abilities and have a greater sense of control over their financial situation, which can lead to positive outcomes later in life.

Question 15

According to Nancy Galambos and colleagues,what behavioural outcome is associated with behavioural control for discipline?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Nancy Galambos and colleagues,what behavioural...

Question 16

Which pattern of child rearing has been found to be associated with the lowest cognitive and social competencies in grade-school children?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which pattern of child rearing has been...

Question 17

What is one of the drawbacks associated with adolescent employment?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is one of the drawbacks associated...

Question 18

According to recent research findings,what characterizes the behaviour of parents whose adolescent children are labelled as well adjusted?

Accepted Answer

Recent research findings suggest that parents whose adolescent children are labelled as well adjusted tend to gradually loosen control and monitor the adolescent's activities as they grow older. The parents remain warm and supportive but also allow for independence as the adolescent becomes more responsible. This allows the adolescent to develop a sense of autonomy while still feeling supported by their parents.

Question 19

According to the results of several cross-cultural research studies,distinct differences exist between the parenting practices of Chinese and North American parents.Which statement best characterizes the behaviour of Chinese parents?

Accepted Answer

Research studies have shown that Chinese parents typically emphasize the importance of respect for others, obedience, and self-discipline in their children. These values are deeply rooted in Chinese culture and are often prioritized over the pursuit of individual goals. Chinese parents also tend to be highly involved in their children's education and have high expectations for academic achievement.

Question 20

Consider this exchange between a parent and his or her adolescent child: "Where are you going?" "Out." "What are you going to do?" "Nothing." What is the teenager's evasiveness an expression of?

Accepted Answer

The teenager's evasiveness is an expression of his or her quest for autonomy. Adolescents often feel the need to establish their own identity and independence, and being secretive about their plans can be a way of asserting their autonomy.

Quiz 16: The Family