Question 1

According to Gabriel and Gardner's (1999)research on collective versus relational interdependence,which of the following discussions of emotional events is most likely?

Accepted Answer

A

Question 2

According to the text,research on self-concept that has asked participants to complete the sentence,"I am...." has revealed that

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that gender differences in self-concept can vary depending on whether the culture is collectivist or individualistic, affecting how individuals describe themselves.

Question 3

When we are in a state of _______,we evaluate or compare our current behaviour against our internal standards and values.

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness is a state where we are conscious and mindful of our own thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. In this state, we are able to evaluate or compare our current behaviour against our internal standards and values. This allows us to make adjustments and improve our actions in order to align with our personal beliefs and goals.

Question 4

In the United States,women are more likely to have an interdependent view of themselves and men to have an independent view of themselves.These gender differences suggest

Accepted Answer

The gender differences in self-construal suggest that gender, like culture, can influence our sense of ourselves. It is not determined solely by biological factors, and it does not necessarily mean that there is no overlap in the psychological makeup of men and women. This finding is also specific to the United States and does not necessarily apply to other cultures. Therefore, option B is the best choice.

Question 5

_______ refers to the process of looking inward and examining our thoughts,feelings,and motives.

Accepted Answer

Introspection refers to the process of looking inward and examining our thoughts, feelings, and motives. Self-enhancement refers to the tendency to view oneself positively, while self-awareness refers to having a clear understanding of one's personality, strengths, and weaknesses. Self-examination is a more general term that can refer to any process of self-reflection. Self-efficacy refers to our belief in our ability to succeed in specific situations.

Question 6

Consider the following self-description: "It is important to me to make others happy.I work hard to cooperate with others and seldom get into arguments.My friends are more important to me than my professional success." A(n)_______ is most likely to have provided such a self-description.

Accepted Answer

This self-description aligns with collectivist cultures, which emphasize group harmony and interpersonal relationships over individual achievement. Japan is known for its collectivist culture, making an executive living in Tokyo, Japan, the most likely to provide such a self-description.

Question 7

Psychologists who have studied the development of self-concept over the lifespan have found that the self-concept starts out _______ and gradually becomes _______ with increasing age.

Accepted Answer

Psychologists have found that young children initially have a concrete self-concept, which is focused on observable characteristics such as physical appearance and possessions. As they grow older and gain more experiences, their self-concept becomes more abstract and complex, incorporating personality traits, values, and beliefs. Therefore, the self-concept gradually becomes more abstract and complex with increasing age.

Question 8

Barbara replies to her therapist,"How do I see myself? Well,I'm socially anxious,insecure,relatively intelligent,and terribly shy." Barbara's response reflects her

Accepted Answer

Barbara's response reflects her perception and understanding of herself, which is known as self-concept. She describes herself as socially anxious, insecure, shy, and intelligent, which are all aspects of her self-concept.

Question 9

Whereas Americans have a proverb,"The squeaky wheel gets the grease," Japanese have a proverb that states "The nail that stands out gets pounded down." These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures

Accepted Answer

The Japanese proverb "The nail that stands out gets pounded down" reflects the cultural value in Japan of conformity and avoiding standing out. This is consistent with research demonstrating that people in Asian cultures have a more interdependent concept of self, meaning they see themselves as interconnected and interdependent with others, and prioritize group harmony over individual success or recognition. This is in contrast to the individualistic culture in the United States, where the proverb "The squeaky wheel gets the grease" reflects the value placed on individual assertiveness and standing up for oneself.

Question 10

When asked to finish a sentence beginning "I am...," respondents from Asian countries are more likely to mention _______,because they grew up in a(n)_______ culture.

Accepted Answer

Asian cultures, particularly those from collectivist societies, place great emphasis on group membership and interdependence. This can lead individuals to view themselves as part of a larger whole and prioritize the needs of the group over their own individual needs. Therefore, when asked to finish a sentence beginning with "I am...", people from Asian countries may be more likely to mention their group membership, such as their family or community, rather than focusing on their individual characteristics.

Question 11

According to the research by Jennifer Campbell and her colleagues,people low in self-concept clarity

Accepted Answer

People low in self-concept clarity are less likely to engage in positive forms of self-focus such as reflection. They may also engage in negative self-focus and self-criticism, but not necessarily introspection. They may struggle to understand their own behaviors and may also make external attributions for their actions. Asking close friends for guidance may be a coping mechanism for them, but it is not necessarily a defining characteristic. Thus, option B is the best fit.

Question 12

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up.For example,in Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_______ view of the self,whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_______ view of the self.

Accepted Answer

Western cultures tend to emphasize individualism, independence, and self-expression, whereas non-Western cultures tend to emphasize collectivism, interdependence, and harmony with others. This difference is reflected in how people from these cultures view the self. In Western cultures, we tend to see the self as independent and autonomous, with a focus on personal goals and achievements. In contrast, in non-Western cultures, people tend to view the self as interdependent and connected to others, with a focus on group goals and social harmony.

Question 13

Assume that when exposed to a mirror,chimpanzees will use the mirror to aid in grooming (e.g.,to pick food from their teeth)and to entertain themselves by making faces.The chimps' behaviour before the mirror would suggest that

Accepted Answer

The fact that the chimpanzees are able to use the mirror to aid in grooming and entertain themselves by making faces suggests that they have a sense of self. This means that they are aware of themselves as individuals, separate from the rest of the environment. While mammals and some animals engage in introspection and have curiosity and social tendencies, it is the specific ability to recognize oneself in a mirror that indicates a sense of self.

Question 14

Consider the following self-description: "I have blue eyes and brown hair.I have two sisters.I hate vegetables,but I love ice cream." Such a self-description was most likely provided by the typical

Accepted Answer

The self-description includes physical attributes and a simple mention of family members, which is typical of a young child's level of self-awareness and understanding. The mention of a clear preference for ice cream over vegetables also suggests a child's perspective.

Question 15

"My close relationships are an important reflection of who I am" and "when I think of myself,I often think of my close friends and family also" are two items from a scale which was designed to measure individual differences in

Accepted Answer

These items are related to relational interdependence, which refers to the degree to which individuals consider their close relationships as central to their sense of self. Option A is incorrect because it only mentions self-esteem and competition, which are not related to close relationships. Option C is incorrect because it only mentions self-esteem, without considering the role of close relationships. Option D is incorrect because it refers to private and public self-consciousness, which are not the focus of the items presented. Option E is incorrect because it only mentions cooperation and competition, without considering the role of close relationships.

Question 16

If you are a person who gives a great deal of priority to close relationships as part of your sense of self,then you probably score high on measures of

Accepted Answer

Relational interdependence refers to the degree to which our sense of self is shaped by and dependent on our relationships with others. If someone places a high value on close relationships as part of their sense of self, they are likely to score high on measures of relational interdependence. The other answer choices are not directly related to the importance of close relationships in one's sense of self.

Question 17

According to the authors of your text,introspection is not a useful source of information about the self because people

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the authors of your text,introspection...

Question 18

According to information presented in the text,people who are low in self-concept clarity are

Accepted Answer

The text states that people who are low in self-concept clarity are more likely to be neurotic and have low self-esteem, which is the opposite of being self-confident and aware of internal states. Option A is incorrect. The text does not provide any evidence to suggest that people low in self-concept clarity experience positive emotions more than negative emotions, so option B is not correct. While it is true that people low in self-concept clarity engage in self-analysis, this is not a defining characteristic, and many people engage in self-analysis without being low in self-concept clarity. Therefore, option D is incorrect. Finally, there is no evidence that people low in self-concept clarity are narcissistic or self-centered, so option E is incorrect.

Question 19

Gordon Gallup (1977)briefly anesthetized chimpanzees and painted an odorless red dye on their heads.When they awoke and looked in the mirror,the chimps immediately reached to touch their brows and ears where the dye was.These findings suggest that chimps

Accepted Answer

Gallup's study demonstrated that chimps demonstrated self-recognition, indicating that they possess a sense of self. The fact that they touched the areas where the dye was applied showed that they were aware of their physical appearance and had a sense of their own body. This response is comparable to that seen in human children around two years old when they first begin to recognize themselves in a mirror.

Question 20

Which of the following would be most likely to reach to touch a spot of red dye when seeing his or her reflection in a mirror?

Accepted Answer

Adult chimpanzees have demonstrated the ability to recognize themselves in mirrors, indicating self-awareness. This self-recognition suggests they would likely reach to touch a spot of red dye when seeing their reflection, unlike the other options listed.

Quiz 5: The Self Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

According to Gabriel and Gardner's (1999) research on collective versus relational interdependence,which of the following discussions of emotional events is most likely?

According to the text,research on self-concept that has asked participants to complete the sentence,"I am...." has revealed that

When we are in a state of _______,we evaluate or compare our current behaviour against our internal standards and values.

In the United States,women are more likely to have an interdependent view of themselves and men to have an independent view of themselves.These gender differences suggest

_______ refers to the process of looking inward and examining our thoughts,feelings,and motives.

Consider the following self-description: "It is important to me to make others happy.I work hard to cooperate with others and seldom get into arguments.My friends are more important to me than my professional success." A(n) _______ is most likely to have provided such a self-description.

Psychologists who have studied the development of self-concept over the lifespan have found that the self-concept starts out _ and gradually becomes _ with increasing age.

Barbara replies to her therapist,"How do I see myself? Well,I'm socially anxious,insecure,relatively intelligent,and terribly shy." Barbara's response reflects her

Whereas Americans have a proverb,"The squeaky wheel gets the grease," Japanese have a proverb that states "The nail that stands out gets pounded down." These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures

When asked to finish a sentence beginning "I am...," respondents from Asian countries are more likely to mention _,because they grew up in a(n) _ culture.

According to the research by Jennifer Campbell and her colleagues,people low in self-concept clarity

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up.For example,in Western cultures people tend to have a(n) _ view of the self,whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have a(n) _ view of the self.

Assume that when exposed to a mirror,chimpanzees will use the mirror to aid in grooming (e.g.,to pick food from their teeth) and to entertain themselves by making faces.The chimps' behaviour before the mirror would suggest that

Consider the following self-description: "I have blue eyes and brown hair.I have two sisters.I hate vegetables,but I love ice cream." Such a self-description was most likely provided by the typical

"My close relationships are an important reflection of who I am" and "when I think of myself,I often think of my close friends and family also" are two items from a scale which was designed to measure individual differences in

If you are a person who gives a great deal of priority to close relationships as part of your sense of self,then you probably score high on measures of

According to the authors of your text,introspection is not a useful source of information about the self because people

According to information presented in the text,people who are low in self-concept clarity are

Gordon Gallup (1977) briefly anesthetized chimpanzees and painted an odorless red dye on their heads.When they awoke and looked in the mirror,the chimps immediately reached to touch their brows and ears where the dye was.These findings suggest that chimps

Which of the following would be most likely to reach to touch a spot of red dye when seeing his or her reflection in a mirror?

Quiz 5: The Self Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

According to Gabriel and Gardner's (1999) research on collective versus relational interdependence,which of the following discussions of emotional events is most likely?

According to the text,research on self-concept that has asked participants to complete the sentence,"I am...." has revealed that

When we are in a state of _______,we evaluate or compare our current behaviour against our internal standards and values.

In the United States,women are more likely to have an interdependent view of themselves and men to have an independent view of themselves.These gender differences suggest

_______ refers to the process of looking inward and examining our thoughts,feelings,and motives.

Consider the following self-description: "It is important to me to make others happy.I work hard to cooperate with others and seldom get into arguments.My friends are more important to me than my professional success." A(n) _______ is most likely to have provided such a self-description.

Psychologists who have studied the development of self-concept over the lifespan have found that the self-concept starts out _______ and gradually becomes _______ with increasing age.

Barbara replies to her therapist,"How do I see myself? Well,I'm socially anxious,insecure,relatively intelligent,and terribly shy." Barbara's response reflects her

Whereas Americans have a proverb,"The squeaky wheel gets the grease," Japanese have a proverb that states "The nail that stands out gets pounded down." These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures

When asked to finish a sentence beginning "I am...," respondents from Asian countries are more likely to mention _______,because they grew up in a(n) _______ culture.

According to the research by Jennifer Campbell and her colleagues,people low in self-concept clarity

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up.For example,in Western cultures people tend to have a(n) _______ view of the self,whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have a(n) _______ view of the self.

Assume that when exposed to a mirror,chimpanzees will use the mirror to aid in grooming (e.g.,to pick food from their teeth) and to entertain themselves by making faces.The chimps' behaviour before the mirror would suggest that

Consider the following self-description: "I have blue eyes and brown hair.I have two sisters.I hate vegetables,but I love ice cream." Such a self-description was most likely provided by the typical

"My close relationships are an important reflection of who I am" and "when I think of myself,I often think of my close friends and family also" are two items from a scale which was designed to measure individual differences in

If you are a person who gives a great deal of priority to close relationships as part of your sense of self,then you probably score high on measures of

According to the authors of your text,introspection is not a useful source of information about the self because people

According to information presented in the text,people who are low in self-concept clarity are

Gordon Gallup (1977) briefly anesthetized chimpanzees and painted an odorless red dye on their heads.When they awoke and looked in the mirror,the chimps immediately reached to touch their brows and ears where the dye was.These findings suggest that chimps

Which of the following would be most likely to reach to touch a spot of red dye when seeing his or her reflection in a mirror?

Psychologists who have studied the development of self-concept over the lifespan have found that the self-concept starts out _ and gradually becomes _ with increasing age.

When asked to finish a sentence beginning "I am...," respondents from Asian countries are more likely to mention _,because they grew up in a(n) _ culture.

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up.For example,in Western cultures people tend to have a(n) _ view of the self,whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have a(n) _ view of the self.