Question 1

A researcher, involved in a study of the population of Houston, divided the city into city blocks and then drew a random sample of 200 city blocks.All households in the 200 blocks were interviewed. The researcher used
A)a simple random sample.
B)judgmental sampling.
C)snowball sampling.
D)cluster sampling.
E)systematic sampling.

Accepted Answer

The researcher divided the city into city blocks and drew a random sample of 200 city blocks, indicating the use of cluster sampling. All households in the selected clusters were then interviewed.

Question 2

Which of the following statements concerning probability sampling is not true?
A)The target population defines the research objective.
B)The definition of alternative target populations can nearly always be made.
C)The sample frame consists of a list of population members or of a procedure by which sampling units can be located.
D)When a choice exists, preference should be given to populations that are convenient to sample.
E)The specification of a target population should make clear what is excluded.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements concerning probability...

Question 3

Researchers prefer sampling to census when
A)they have a large budget
B)cost of sampling errors are low
C)cost of non-sampling errors are low
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Sampling involves selecting a subset of the population to represent the larger population, which can be done at a lower cost than a census. However, there is always a risk of sampling error, which can be minimized by increasing sample size. The cost of sampling errors is generally lower than the cost of non-sampling errors, which can occur when data is collected or analyzed incorrectly. Thus, researchers often prefer sampling over a census when the cost of sampling errors is low.

Question 4

Which of the following sampling techniques does not represent an attempt to increase sampling net efficiency by reducing costs?
A)stratified sampling
B)systematic sampling
C)cluster sampling
D)multistage sampling

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following sampling techniques does...

Question 5

Which of the following statements about sample size is true?
A)A rule of thumb is to include at least two members from every subgroup to be analyzed.
B)If the sample size is very small, a judgmental sample may be more reliable and representative than a probability sample.
C)The determination of sample size should not involve cost.
D)Low sampling costs do not justify a larger sample.
E)None of the above.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about sample...

Question 6

Sources of possible shopping center biases include
A)the choice of a shopping center.
B)the location in the shopping center from which respondents are drawn.
C)the time of day.
D)the fact that more frequent shoppers will be more likely to be selected.
E)all of these.

Accepted Answer

All of these sources could potentially introduce biases into the data collected from a shopping center survey. The choice of shopping center could attract certain demographics, the location from which respondents are drawn could affect the types of people surveyed, the time of day could affect the availability of certain groups, and more frequent shoppers may have different opinions or behaviors than less frequent shoppers. Therefore, it is important to consider and address these potential biases when designing and conducting a shopping center survey.

Question 7

Which of the following is the most cost-effective probability sampling technique?
A)stratified
B)systematic
C)cluster
D)quota

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling is the most cost-effective probability sampling technique because it involves selecting a few clusters from the population and then interviewing all members of those clusters. This method is less expensive than other probability sampling techniques because it requires less travel and fewer interviewers.

Question 8

Compared to simple random sampling, the precision of systematic sampling from a sampling frame monotonically ordered on a variable related to the dependant variable is
A)the same
B)greater
C)less
D)cannot tell

Accepted Answer

Systematic sampling can be more precise than simple random sampling if the sampling frame is monotonically ordered on a variable related to the dependent variable. This is because systematic sampling selects every kth individual from the monotonically ordered list, resulting in a higher concentration of cases with similar scores on the variable of interest, which can increase precision. Therefore, the precision of systematic sampling from a sampling frame monotonically ordered on a variable related to the dependent variable is greater than that of simple random sampling.

Question 9

Which of the following sets of sampling techniques contains only probability sampling technique?
A)simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling
B)stratified sampling, judgmental sampling, systematic sampling
C)convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, quota sampling
D)quota sampling, cluster sampling, simple random sampling

Accepted Answer

Simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling are all examples of probability sampling techniques. Quota sampling and convenience sampling are non-probability sampling techniques, while judgmental sampling and systematic sampling can be either probability or non-probability depending on how the samples are selected.

Question 10

The "next teenager" is an example of _____________ sampling.a
A)random
B)convenience
C)stratified
D)judgmental

Accepted Answer

The answer of The "next teenager" is an example of...

Question 11

Sample size is typically small in case of ____________ research
A)exploratory
B)descriptive
C)causal
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Exploratory research is typically conducted in the early stages of research where the focus is on gaining insights and gathering information. The sample size is usually small in exploratory research as the aim is not to draw generalizations but to identify potential themes or patterns to guide further research. Descriptive and causal research, on the other hand, typically require larger sample sizes to ensure statistical validity and representativeness of the population being studied.

Question 12

Selection of every tenth subscriber to the New York Times is an example of
A)stratified sampling.
B)cluster sampling.
C)judgmental sampling.
D)random sampling.
E)systematic sampling.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of systematic sampling, where every tenth subscriber is chosen from a list or ordered population.

Question 13

A researcher needs a sample of 5 from a list of 800 football ticket holders.Each ticket number has three digits and no numbers are excluded.The following are random numbers: 7659 0783 4710 3749 7741 2960 0016 9347 The tickets that are drawn might bear the numbers 1-765, 907, 710, 374, 412 2-659, 078, 103, 749, 7741 3-590, 783, 471, 037, 497
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)1, 2, and 3
E)2 or 3

Accepted Answer

The correct choice is 3 because the ticket numbers must be three digits long and within the range of 001 to 800. The numbers 590, 783, 471, 037, and 497 fit these criteria.

Question 14

Stratified sampling may be used when
A)subgroups that are representative of the whole population can be identified.
B)natural subgroups are more homogeneous than the population they come from.
C)an expert is available to identify a representative population.
D)the sample is very small.
E)none of the above.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Stratified sampling may be used when
A)subgroups that...

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of sampling frame?
A)one respondent
B)a telephone directory
C)the Bayesian approach
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

A sampling frame is a list or representation of the target population from which the sample is drawn. A telephone directory can serve as a sampling frame as it contains a list of individuals with phone numbers, who are members of the target population. Option A is a single respondent and not a sampling frame, and option C refers to a statistical analysis technique rather than a sampling frame. Option D is incorrect as there is at least one correct answer.

Question 16

"Heterogeneity within and homogeneity between" is the ideal state for
A)cluster sampling
B)stratified sampling
C)disproportionate sampling
D)judgmental sampling
E)a and b

Accepted Answer

The answer of "Heterogeneity within and homogeneity between" is the...

Question 17

A researcher who is faced with the problem of non-response can attempt to reduce the potential bias of the results by
A)replacing each non-respondent with a "matched" member of the sample.
B)making repeated contacts, or call-backs, with non-respondents.
C)improving the research design.
D)estimating the non-response bias.
E)all of these.

Accepted Answer

All of these options can help to reduce the potential bias of non-response in research. Replacing each non-respondent with a "matched" member of the sample helps to maintain the representativeness of the sample even if some individuals do not participate. Making repeated contacts with non-respondents can increase the chances that they will eventually participate, which can reduce the bias. Improving the research design can also help to reduce non-response bias by making the study more engaging and relevant to participants. Finally, estimating the non-response bias can provide useful information about how the non-respondents may differ from the respondents, which can help to interpret the results more accurately.

Question 18

When determining sample size, a researcher should take into account
A)the number of subgroups to be analyzed.
B)the required accuracy of the results.
C)cost.
D)the variability in the population being studied.
E)all of these.

Accepted Answer

All of these factors should be considered when determining sample size. The number of subgroups being analyzed can affect the size needed for each subgroup, the required accuracy will affect the level of precision needed in the sample size, cost may limit the ability to collect a large sample, and variability in the population being studied will affect the level of error that can be tolerated.

Question 19

The possible problems involved in using a telephone book to generate a sample include
A)the list not being up to date.
B)the exclusion of unlisted numbers.
C)the existence of nonworking numbers.
D)all of these.
E)the list not being up to date and the exclusion of unlisted numbers.

Accepted Answer

All of the possible problems listed could occur with using a telephone book to generate a sample. The list may not be up to date, as people can move or change their phone numbers without updating the directory. Unlisted numbers would be excluded from the sample, and nonworking numbers could lead to a biased sample if they are not removed. Therefore, using a telephone book as a sampling method may not result in a representative sample.

Question 20

The advantage of probability over non-probability sampling is that the researcher can 1-state how much variation is introduced because a sample is used instead of a census. 2-explicitly identify possible biases. 3-demonstrate the representativeness of a sample.
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)2 and 3
E)1, 2, and 3

Accepted Answer

Probability sampling allows the researcher to quantify the amount of variation introduced by a sample through the use of statistical measures such as confidence intervals. Additionally, it allows the researcher to identify and control for possible biases in the sampling method. Finally, probability sampling can demonstrate the representativeness of a sample by ensuring that every member of the population has a known and non-zero chance of being selected.

Quiz 14: Sampling Fundamentals

A researcher, involved in a study of the population of Houston, divided the city into city blocks and then drew a random sample of 200 city blocks.All households in the 200 blocks were interviewed. The researcher used

Which of the following statements concerning probability sampling is not true?

Researchers prefer sampling to census when

Which of the following sampling techniques does not represent an attempt to increase sampling net efficiency by reducing costs?

Which of the following statements about sample size is true?

Sources of possible shopping center biases include

Which of the following is the most cost-effective probability sampling technique?

Compared to simple random sampling, the precision of systematic sampling from a sampling frame monotonically ordered on a variable related to the dependant variable is

Which of the following sets of sampling techniques contains only probability sampling technique?

The "next teenager" is an example of _____________ sampling.a

Sample size is typically small in case of ____________ research

Selection of every tenth subscriber to the New York Times is an example of

Stratified sampling may be used when

Which of the following is an example of sampling frame?

"Heterogeneity within and homogeneity between" is the ideal state for

A researcher who is faced with the problem of non-response can attempt to reduce the potential bias of the results by

When determining sample size, a researcher should take into account

The possible problems involved in using a telephone book to generate a sample include

The advantage of probability over non-probability sampling is that the researcher can 1-state how much variation is introduced because a sample is used instead of a census. 2-explicitly identify possible biases. 3-demonstrate the representativeness of a sample.