Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposed that an individual's basic physiological and safety needs had to be met before higher-level needs like self-actualization could be pursued. This is reflected in Maslow's claim that a higher level of need was not activated until a lower level of need was satisfied. This concept has been highly influential in motivational theory. The hierarchy is not without critics, however, as some argue that it may not be universally applicable to all cultures and individuals.

Question 2

Which of the following theories suggest that workers respond to attention from superiors,and they like their opinions to be valued?

Accepted Answer

The Hawthorne effect is a theory that suggests workers' behavior and productivity improves when they are given attention or special treatment by their superiors. The theory is rooted in the findings of the Hawthorne studies conducted by Elton Mayo at Western Electric Company's Hawthorne plant in the 1920s and 1930s. The studies found that workers' productivity increased not only when their working conditions were improved but also when they were given attention and recognition by their supervisors.

Question 3

Who was the father of scientific management?

Accepted Answer

Frederick Taylor is considered the father of scientific management, which emphasized the use of scientific methods to improve efficiency and productivity in the workplace. Elton Mayo and Abraham Maslow are known for their contributions to human relations and motivation theories, while Adam Smith is a pioneer of modern economics.

Question 4

According to the Hawthorne effect,which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

The Hawthorne effect suggests that workers respond positively to being paid attention to or feeling like someone cares about their work. This can be achieved through various means, such as monitoring and feedback, which can increase productivity and motivation. Good leadership and responsibility are also important factors in motivation, but they are not necessarily specific to the Hawthorne effect. Money can also have some motivational impact, but it is not the only or most significant factor according to the Hawthorne effect.

Question 5

Cindi Kastarian believes that she is the best nurse that she can be and is using her abilities to the utmost.According to Maslow's theory of need,Kastarian is motivated by which of the following needs?

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that individuals are motivated by a series of needs, beginning with physiological needs (such as hunger and thirst) and moving up to safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and finally, self-actualization needs. Self-actualization needs involve reaching one's full potential and fulfilling one's personal goals and values. Since Kastarian believes that she is the best nurse she can be and is using her abilities to the utmost, she is likely motivated by self-actualization needs.

Question 6

The original Hawthorne studies were set up to study which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The original Hawthorne studies were set up to study the effects of lighting on worker productivity.

Question 7

Theories X and Y management styles are the result of studies by which theorist?

Accepted Answer

Theory X and Y management styles are the result of studies by Douglas McGregor, who believed that managers' assumptions about employee motivation and behavior affected how they managed their employees.

Question 8

According to Frederick Taylor's scientific management theory,what is the most important motivator in the workplace?

Accepted Answer

According to Taylor's theory, the most important motivator in the workplace is money. This is because workers are primarily driven by their economic interests and will work harder and more efficiently if they are given financial incentives or rewards. Taylor believed in a system of "a fair day's pay for a fair day's work" and advocated for the use of piece-rate pay systems to increase productivity.

Question 9

According to Maslow,people need to feel secure,to be protected from physical harm,and to avoid the unexpected.What are these needs called?

Accepted Answer

These needs are called safety needs, as defined by Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Question 10

In Maslow's theory,the need to belong to informal groups both on and off the job is an example of which of the following needs?

Accepted Answer

The need to belong to informal groups falls under the social needs category in Maslow's theory. Social needs are the need for love, affection, companionship, and friendship, and they center around a person's interactions with other people.

Question 11

Frederick Taylor's scientific management emphasized which of the following concepts?

Accepted Answer

Frederick Taylor's scientific management emphasized work efficiency. He believed in breaking down tasks into smaller, simpler components and optimizing each component to increase overall productivity. This approach was intended to help organizations achieve greater efficiency and profitability. Taylor's methods were highly influential in the early 20th century and continue to have an impact on management practices today.

Question 12

An employee who was more worried about having a safe work environment and a financially sound pension plan than anything else would be most concerned with which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that safety needs, such as security and stability in the workplace, are fundamental to the well-being of an individual. An individual who is more concerned with having a safe work environment and a financially sound pension plan is likely focused on meeting these safety needs.

Question 13

A group of management consultants is studying Lennox Petrochemical Inc.,and its team management strategy.After Shannon Ewing's work group was selected for special attention by the management consultants,the work group's production output nearly doubled.Ewing's group's reaction to the special attention is an example of which of the following concepts or theories?

Accepted Answer

The Hawthorne effect is the phenomenon where individuals modify their behavior in response to being observed or singled out for special attention. This is exactly what happened to Ewing's work group when they were chosen for special attention by the management consultants, resulting in an increase in their production output.

Question 14

What is the top level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Accepted Answer

The top level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is self-actualization needs. This refers to the need for individuals to reach their full potential and achieve personal growth and fulfillment in life.

Question 15

Which theorist proposed a theory of motivation based on universal human needs?

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow proposed the theory of motivation based on universal human needs, commonly known as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

Question 16

Which of the following styles of management is based on a pessimistic view of human nature and assumes that the average person dislikes work,will try to avoid work,prefers to be directed,avoids responsibility,and wants security above all else?

Accepted Answer

The description given pertains to the management style of Theory X, which assumes that employees are inherently lazy and need to be coerced or pushed to perform well.

Question 17

Elton Mayo,North America's first industrial psychologist,was responsible for formulating which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Elton Mayo is best known for his research at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric. He discovered what came to be known as the "Hawthorne Effect," which means that people's behavior changes when they know they are being observed.

Question 18

A Theory X manager would assume his or her workers are characterized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Theory X managers assume that their workers are inherently lazy, dislike work, and will avoid it whenever possible. They also assume that workers cannot be trusted and need to be closely monitored and controlled. Therefore, the best choice would be D, as it reflects the negative assumptions that Theory X managers hold about their employees.

Question 19

Which of the following would be evident in a manufacturing company in which industrial engineers have maximized efficiency by determining the best way to perform every task from tightening a bolt to operating a forklift?

Accepted Answer

The description in the question is indicative of scientific management, which is a theory focused on maximizing efficiency and productivity by scientifically analyzing and optimizing work processes. Industrial engineers are often key players in implementing scientific management in manufacturing companies. Equity theory, the Hawthorne effect, and expectancy theory are not directly related to the described scenario.

Question 20

According to Theory X,workers behave in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

According to Theory X, workers are assumed to dislike their work, avoid responsibility, lack ambition, and need to be closely supervised and coerced to achieve organizational objectives.

Quiz 11: Motivating Employees