Question 1

Milk production is regulated by:

Accepted Answer

Milk production is regulated by two hormones- prolactin and oxytocin. Prolactin is responsible for milk production whereas oxytocin is responsible for the release of milk from the mammary gland. Insulin does not have any direct role in milk production. Hence, options A and D are incorrect. Option E is correct as it includes both prolactin and oxytocin.

Question 2

Which fatty acid plays an important role in brain and eye development during infancy?

Accepted Answer

DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is important for brain and eye development in infancy. It is found in breast milk and is often added to infant formula. EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) is also an omega-3 fatty acid, but it does not have the same importance for brain and eye development in infancy as DHA. SFA (saturated fatty acids) are not essential fatty acids and do not have specific roles in brain and eye development. EFA (essential fatty acids) refer to omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that are important for overall health, but do not specifically play a role in brain and eye development in infancy.

Question 3

What percentage of woman diagnosed with gestational diabetes develop type 2 diabetes later in life?

Accepted Answer

Approximately 50% of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes develop type 2 diabetes later in life.

Question 4

What hormone stimulates the secretory cells in the mammary gland to synthesize milk?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin is the hormone that stimulates the secretory cells in the mammary gland to synthesize milk.

Question 5

Why is cow's milk unsuitable for infants?

Accepted Answer

Cow's milk has a higher protein content than human breast milk, which can be difficult for an infant's immature kidneys to process.

Question 6

Within a few days after birth, infants lose what percentage of their body weight?

Accepted Answer

Newborns typically lose about 5-6% of their body weight within the first few days after birth due to fluid loss and the transition to feeding.

Question 7

What are the most common reasons why women discontinue breastfeeding?

Accepted Answer

According to research, the most common reasons why women discontinue breastfeeding include a perception that milk production is inadequate or difficulties related to returning to work. Other reasons such as tiredness or inconvenience may also play a role, but they are not as commonly cited as the primary reason. Additionally, colicky babies or a perception that formula is better as the baby gets older may contribute to early weaning, but these reasons are also not as prevalent as issues related to milk production and work-life balance.

Question 8

How many pregnant women are affected by pre-eclampsia or toxemia of pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Pre-eclampsia affects approximately 3% to 5% of pregnant women, making 3% the closest correct choice.

Question 9

According to breastfeeding trends reported by the CDC, 75% of women initiate breastfeeding but by six months only _____% are still breastfeeding.

Accepted Answer

According to the information given, 75% of mothers are breastfeeding at six months. The question asks for the percentage still breastfeeding at an unspecified time beyond that point. The answer choices range from 17% to 50%. Since 50% is the highest percentage listed, and it is unlikely that more than half of mothers continue breastfeeding beyond six months, it is a distractor answer. A study by the CDC found that at 12 months, only 43% of mothers were still breastfeeding, making choice C the correct answer.

Question 10

Shelly, a breastfeeding mom, is obtaining the equivalent of 8 cups of water per day from foods and beverages and feels that she is drinking enough water. How many more cups of fluid should Shelly really be consuming per day?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Shelly, a breastfeeding mom, is obtaining the...

Question 11

Shelly has been breastfeeding for almost 9 months. How many kcalories does she currently need to consume each day, if her energy needs were 2400 kcal/day prior to pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Shelly has been breastfeeding for almost 9...

Question 12

What percentage of the kcalories in human milk come from lipids?

Accepted Answer

Lipids make up the majority of the content in human milk, with estimates ranging from 55% to 60%. Therefore, the correct choice is D, which represents a lipid content of greater than 50%.

Question 13

How much does an infant’s weight change between birth and 4 to 6 months?

Accepted Answer

An infant's weight typically doubles by 4 to 6 months of age.

Question 14

What the primary carbohydrates in human milk?

Accepted Answer

Lactose and oligosaccharides are the primary carbohydrates in human milk. Sucrose is not found in human milk and the levels of glucose and fructose are relatively low.

Question 15

When a baby is one month old, his/her mom needs about _____ kcal/day to produce milk

Accepted Answer

On average, a one-month-old baby consumes about 25 ounces of breast milk per day. To produce this amount of milk, a breastfeeding mother needs to consume an additional 500 calories per day. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Question 16

Shelly has delivered a healthy baby and is breastfeeding. She was consuming 2400 kcalories per day prior to pregnancy. How many total kcalories will she now need to consume?

Accepted Answer

Breastfeeding mothers typically need an additional 330 to 400 kcalories per day. Adding 330 kcalories to Shelly's pre-pregnancy intake of 2400 kcalories results in 2730 kcalories.

Question 17

What the special substance produced in the mother's breasts after she gives birth?

Accepted Answer

The special substance produced in the mother's breasts after she gives birth is called colostrum. It is a rich, thick, and yellowish milk that is high in antibodies and essential nutrients for the newborn. It is only produced in the first few days after birth before transitioning to regular breast milk production.

Question 18

The protein content of human milk is _____ compared to cow’s milk.

Accepted Answer

Plant-based milks such as almond, soy, and oat usually have a lower protein content compared to cow's milk.

Question 19

Some researchers believe that the desire to consume nonfood items may be related to a deficiency of:

Accepted Answer

The desire to consume nonfood items, such as ice or clay, is known as pica. One theory is that it may be related to an iron deficiency, as some people with pica are found to have low levels of iron. Consuming nonfood items may be an attempt to increase iron levels in the body.

Question 20

Which substance in human milk enhances the absorption of iron and protects the infant from certain infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Lactoferrin is a protein in human milk that binds iron and protects against certain infectious diseases by inhibiting the growth of bacteria that require iron for their survival.

Quiz 14: Life Cycle Nutrition