Question 1

Jim is dehydrated and has purchased several “sports drinks” to have available along his training route. Why did the team dietitian recommended that Jim purchase a brand that contained glucose instead of high-fructose corn syrup?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jim is dehydrated and has purchased several...

Question 2

Which of the following is/are tendencies of U.S. adults with high blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

All of the above are tendencies of high blood pressure. Consuming large amounts of salt can lead to sodium retention in the body, which increases blood pressure. Being overweight puts extra strain on the heart and blood vessels, leading to high blood pressure. Smoking damages the blood vessels and increases the risk of arterial narrowing, which in turn can contribute to high blood pressure.

Question 3

When the concentration of sodium in the blood increases, what happens to aldosterone and renin secretion, and what then results?

Accepted Answer

When sodium concentration in the blood increases, aldosterone and renin secretion decrease, leading to decreased salt reabsorption by the kidneys to help lower sodium levels.

Question 4

If a yeast bread recipe called for 1 tsp of salt and served 10, about how many milligrams of sodium would you have consumed if you ate 2 slices of bread?

Accepted Answer

The recipe called for 1 tsp of salt which is about 2300mg. Assuming the recipe makes a standard loaf of bread, which is around 16 slices, the amount of salt per slice is 2300/16= 143.75mg. Therefore, consuming 2 slices of bread would amount to 2x143.75= 287.5mg. The closest option is B, which is 400mg.

Question 5

Jim has been training for a marathon and is up to 16 miles on his longest run. He just finished running, it is 82°F outside, and he is sweating profusely. He is feeling a little nauseous and dizzy. You suspect that Jim is experiencing dehydration and loss of:

Accepted Answer

Jim is likely experiencing dehydration due to the sweating he is experiencing during his long run. Sweating leads to loss of electrolytes, primarily sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-), which are important for maintaining proper fluid balance and nerve/muscle function in the body. Loss of potassium (K+) may also occur, but it is less significant than loss of Na+ and Cl-. Calcium (Ca2+) and phosphorus (P) are not significant electrolytes lost through sweating.

Question 6

Baby Ann, age 9 months, is vomiting and has diarrhea. This can be life threatening because of the losses of water and which two minerals?

Accepted Answer

Vomiting and diarrhea can lead to dehydration and loss of important electrolytes such as sodium and chloride. Therefore, option D, which includes both sodium and chloride, is the best choice. Magnesium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus may also be lost, but sodium and chloride are typically the most critical in cases of dehydration from vomiting and diarrhea.

Question 7

Which tissue is especially susceptible to the effects of magnesium deficiency?

Accepted Answer

The heart is especially susceptible to the effects of magnesium deficiency because magnesium plays a crucial role in regulating heart rhythm and preventing arrhythmias.

Question 8

If you make spaghetti with homemade tomato sauce for a family of four and add only 1 tsp of salt total when preparing both items, about how many milligrams of sodium would each person consume from both of the items?

Accepted Answer

1 teaspoon of salt contains approximately 2,300 milligrams of sodium. Dividing this by four people results in about 575 milligrams of sodium per person, which is closest to 500 milligrams.

Question 9

Approximately what percentage of Americans have high blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Approximately 31% of Americans have high blood pressure.

Question 10

Magnesium is vital for energy metabolism as it stabilizes:

Accepted Answer

Magnesium plays a crucial role in energy metabolism as it is involved in the stabilization of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), which is the energy currency of the body. Magnesium helps to activate enzymes that are involved in ATP production and also helps to stabilize the ATP molecule, making it available for energy production.

Question 11

What is the function of angiotensin II?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal glands to release more aldosterone. This increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys, leading to increased water reabsorption and blood volume, ultimately leading to an increase in blood pressure.

Question 12

Low-salt foods must have:

Accepted Answer

Low-salt foods are defined as having less than 140 mg of sodium per serving according to FDA guidelines.

Question 13

What is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluids?

Accepted Answer

Sodium is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluids, with a concentration of approximately 135-145 mM. Potassium is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluids, with a concentration of approximately 135-145 mM. Magnesium and chloride are both anions that play important roles in cellular function, but they are not the most abundant ions in extracellular fluids.

Question 14

If a food contributes sodium to the diet, what is its contribution of chloride likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Sodium and chloride are both components of table salt (sodium chloride), so a food high in sodium is also likely to be high in chloride.

Question 15

What level of sodium intake should be the maximum for the general population?

Accepted Answer

The maximum recommended intake of sodium for the general population is 2300mg per day, according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Consuming too much sodium can lead to high blood pressure and an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.

Question 16

Hyponatremia stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete _____, which in turn causes the _____ to reabsorb sodium.

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone, which in turn causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium. The other options are incorrect as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is involved in regulating water reabsorption, angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II to increase blood pressure, and aldosterone does not act on the colon.

Question 17

Which mineral is a component of stomach acid?

Accepted Answer

Chloride is a component of stomach acid, also known as hydrochloric acid, which helps to break down food in the stomach. Potassium, sodium, and phosphorus are not components of stomach acid.

Question 18

_____ contribute(s) the largest portion of sodium and chloride to the American diet.

Accepted Answer

Processed foods contribute the largest portion of sodium and chloride to the American diet due to the high levels of salt used in their preparation and preservation.

Question 19

Over the course of a day, Sean adds about one teaspoon of salt to his food. About how many mg of sodium has he added in this way?

Accepted Answer

One teaspoon of salt is approximately 5 grams, and salt is about 40% sodium. Therefore, 5 grams of salt contains about 2000 mg of sodium.

Question 20

Who is at the greatest risk of developing magnesium toxicity?

Accepted Answer

Consumption of medications containing magnesium can lead to toxicity, especially when taken in large amounts or for a prolonged period. Symptoms of magnesium toxicity can range from nausea and vomiting to more severe symptoms such as muscle weakness and difficulty breathing. Therefore, those who use medications containing magnesium for treatment of heartburn, indigestion, and constipation are at risk of toxicity.

Quiz 12: The Major Minerals and Water