Question 1

As you are being monitored by sleep researchers, almost all ofyour brain activity comprises delta brain waves. This is a clearsign that you are in:

Accepted Answer

Delta brain waves are characteristic of stage 4 NREM sleep, also known as slow wave sleep. REM sleep is characterized by a mix of brain wave activity, including beta, alpha, theta, and sometimes gamma waves. Stage 2 NREM is characterized by the presence of sleep spindles and K-complexes, along with some theta and delta waves. Stage 1 NREM is the transitional phase between being awake and fully asleep, with mainly theta waves present.

Question 2

Shortly after going to bed and as you are falling asleep, you experience the vividly realistic sensation that you are falling ortripping forward, which jolts you awake. This vivid sensationis a common example of:

Accepted Answer

This sensation is a common example of a hypnagogic hallucination, which is a vivid sensory experience that occurs during the transition from wakefulness to sleep. It is often accompanied by a feeling of falling or sudden movement, and can jolt a person awake. REM rebound refers to an increase in the amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep following a period of sleep deprivation, delta brain wave activity is associated with deep sleep, and sleep apnea is a disorder that involves interrupted breathing during sleep. None of these options are a likely explanation for the sensation described.

Question 3

During stage 4 NREM:

Accepted Answer

During stage 4 NREM, the sleeper's physiological functions slow down to their lowest levels, including heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. This stage is also referred to as deep sleep.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes a myoclonic jerk?

Accepted Answer

A myoclonic jerk is an involuntary muscle spasm that can occur as a person is falling asleep. It can cause a sudden jolt or movement, waking the person up.

Question 5

In combination, stage 3 NREM and stage 4 NREM:

Accepted Answer

Stage 3 NREM and stage 4 NREM are commonly referred to as slow-wave sleep because they are dominated by low-frequency delta brain waves. They typically occur during the first half of the night, with more time spent in stage 3 early in the night and more time spent in stage 4 later in the night. Paradoxical sleep, also known as REM sleep, occurs during a different stage of sleep and is characterized by high-frequency brain waves, rapid eye movements, and vivid dreaming. Beta brain waves are associated with wakefulness and alertness, not with NREM sleep.

Question 6

Carlotta is a research assistant in the college sleep lab. As shemonitored the EEG recording of a sleeping subject in the lab,she noted the presence of theta brain waves, sleep spindles,and K complexes. Carlotta concludes that the subject is experiencing:

Accepted Answer

Theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes are all characteristic of stage 2 NREM sleep. REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements, and hypnagogic hallucinations occur during the transition from wakefulness to sleep and are not associated with specific brain waves. Stage 4 NREM sleep is characterized by delta waves, which were not mentioned in the scenario.

Question 7

Hypnagogic hallucinations are:

Accepted Answer

Hypnagogic hallucinations are commonly experienced by most people during the transition from wakefulness to sleep. They can include vivid visual or auditory experiences and sensations of falling or floating.

Question 8

You've been lying awake next to your bed partner for about five minutes. As you hear the other person's breathing become rhythmical, you notice occasional slight twitches in your partner's hand and leg. Most likely, your bed partner is in:

Accepted Answer

Stage 2 NREM sleep is characterized by rhythmic breathing and occasional slight muscle twitches, which aligns with the description provided.

Question 9

Sleep paralysis:

Accepted Answer

Sleep paralysis usually lasts for a few minutes.

Question 10

The In Focus box titled"What You Really Want to Know About Sleep" discusses the topic of sleep walking, making the point that:

Accepted Answer

The In Focus box states that in general, it is not dangerous to wake a sleepwalker.

Question 11

According to the information discussed in the In Focus boxtitled "What You Really Want to Know About Sleep,"which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The article states that adenosine is involved in producing sleepiness.

Question 12

Active sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of Active sleep is to _____ as quiet...

Question 13

Which of the following statements about yawning is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that about half of adults will yawn when shown videos of other people yawning, which supports the idea that yawning is contagious. However, there is some debate about whether contagious yawning occurs in non-human primates, with some evidence suggesting that it may be rare or nonexistent in highly social primates such as macaques and chimpanzees. Blind people can still experience contagious yawning, so option D is not true. Option A is not necessarily true as the decrease in activity level after yawning can vary depending on the situation.

Question 14

Dan drinks a cup or two of strong coffee in the morning to help him wake up and get rid of his sleepiness. According tothe In Focus box titled "What You Really Want to Know About Sleep," the common stimulant drug in coffee, caffeine,blocks receptors for a naturally occurring compound in the body called _____, thus promoting wakefulness.

Accepted Answer

Adenosine is a naturally occurring compound in the body that promotes sleepiness and drowsiness. Caffeine blocks the receptors for adenosine, thus promoting wakefulness. Therefore, B is the correct choice. A, C, and D are incorrect choices.

Question 15

As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert.This means that your brain is generating _____ brain waves.

Accepted Answer

Beta brain waves are associated with awake and alert mental activity, which is what the question is describing. Alpha brain waves are associated with relaxation, while theta and delta brain waves are associated with deeper states of sleep or meditation.

Question 16

According to the information discussed in the In Focus boxtitled "What You Really Want to Know About Sleep," whichof the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The statement that sleep paralysis is a rare phenomenon is false. Sleep paralysis is a relatively common experience and can occur in individuals without any underlying sleep disorders.

Question 17

As you are lying in bed, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. During this short, transitional stage of sleep you disengage from the routine sounds in your environment. This sleep stage is called:

Accepted Answer

The description of disengaging from routine sounds in the environment is characteristic of stage 1 NREM sleep. REM sleep (choice A) is characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity, while stage 2 NREM sleep (choice C) is characterized by a deeper level of sleep with occasional bursts of brain activity. Paradoxical sleep (choice D) is another term for REM sleep.

Question 18

After turning out the light for the night, your head hits the pillow. Gradually, your muscles relax and drowsiness occurs.This drowsy yet wakeful state is associated with _____ brain waves.

Accepted Answer

The answer of After turning out the light for the...

Question 19

According to the In Focus box titled "What You Really Wantto Know About Sleep," yawning is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the In Focus box titled...

Question 20

The presence of sleep spindles and K complexes are the defining characteristics of:

Accepted Answer

Sleep spindles and K complexes are most commonly found in stage 2 NREM sleep. NREM stands for Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep, and is divided into stages 1-4. Stage 3 and 4 are also known as slow wave sleep, characterized by deep sleep and slow brain waves, while stage 1 is a transition stage from wakefulness to sleep. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep is a separate stage characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreams, and muscle paralysis. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep attacks, and sometimes cataplexy (sudden muscle weakness during emotion). REM sleep behavior disorder is a parasomnia where the muscle paralysis typically present during REM sleep is absent, and people act out their dream content.

Quiz 4: Consciousness and Its Variations