Question 1

Emotions such as embarrassment, pride, and shame are called "self­conscious emotions" because they:

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment, pride, and shame rely on children's newly-acquired abilities to recognize, talk about, and think about themselves in relation to other people. These emotions involve a level of self-awareness and evaluate the self in relation to social expectations and standards. They are considered more complex and nuanced than the primary emotions of happiness and sadness.

Question 2

Difficult family conditions are likely to influence attachment because they lower parental sensitivity and children may feel insecure when they experience unpredictable caregiving.

Accepted Answer

Difficult family conditions such as poverty, parental stress, and conflict can decrease parental sensitivity towards their children's needs and emotions, leading to inconsistent or unpredictable caregiving. This can create feelings of insecurity and undermine the development of a secure attachment between the child and parent.

Question 3

The majority of children in the United States are classified as securely attached.

Accepted Answer

According to research, the majority of children in the United States are classified as securely attached.

Question 4

Developmental scientists have identified an optimal pattern of attachment that is most conducive to positive development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Developmental scientists have identified an optimal pattern...

Question 5

Erikson suggested that infants become attached to those:

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that infants become attached to those who they trust, which is based on consistent and responsive caregiving. While feeding may play a role in building trust and attachment, it is not the only factor. Talking to infants and providing opportunities for exploration may also contribute to their overall development, but trust is the primary factor in building attachment.

Question 6

Parents in the United States generally label the end of infancy as the "terrible twos" because:

Accepted Answer

The "terrible twos" is a term used to describe the period around the age of two when children begin to assert their independence and push boundaries. This can lead to tantrums, defiance, and other challenging behavior. Parents may feel a loss of control as their child's autonomy increases. Therefore, option C is the best choice as it accurately reflects this description. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not address the main reason why parents refer to this age as the "terrible twos."

Question 7

The theory of gradual differentiation states that general contentment and distress are the developmental root of all emotions.

Accepted Answer

The theory of gradual differentiation proposes that general feelings of comfort or discomfort develop into more complex emotional experiences, including both positive and negative emotions. Therefore, it states that contentment and distress are the developmental root of all emotions.

Question 8

One of the attachment categories is labeled "disorganized."

Accepted Answer

This is true. Disorganized attachment is a category identified in attachment theory that describes inconsistent, confused, or contradictory behaviors in the context of attachment relationships, often as a result of trauma or abuse.

Question 9

Harlow's research with monkeys provides solid evidence in favor of Freud's drive­reduction theory of attachment.

Accepted Answer

Harlow's research actually contradicts Freud's drive-reduction theory of attachment, which suggests that babies become attached to their mothers because they satisfy their biological needs for food and warmth. Harlow's research showed that monkeys preferred a soft, cloth "mother" over a wire "mother" that provided food, indicating that the need for comfort and security was more important than the need for nourishment.

Question 10

____________ bear simple and direct relation to the events that elicit them while ____________ require children to think about and evaluate themselves in relation to a social standard.

Accepted Answer

The first blank refers to emotions that are directly related to the events that elicit them, which are primary emotions. The second blank refers to emotions that require evaluation of oneself in relation to a social standard, which are self-conscious emotions.

Question 11

At 4 weeks of age, infants begin to smile in response to social stimuli.

Accepted Answer

The answer of At 4 weeks of age, infants begin...

Question 12

The establishment of attachment relationships involves the behaviors of both infant and caregiver.

Accepted Answer

Attachment relationships involve a reciprocal interaction between the infant and caregiver, with both parties participating in behaviors that foster the development of a secure attachment bond.

Question 13

Infants who spend more than 20 hours a week in out­ of­home care end up insecurely attached to their parents.

Accepted Answer

Research does not consistently support the claim that spending more than 20 hours a week in out-of-home care leads to insecure attachment. Attachment is influenced by multiple factors, including the quality of care and the parent-child relationship.

Question 14

According to Erikson, during the first year of life, children must resolve the conflict between:

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust, which occurs during the first year of life. Infants need to develop a sense of trust in their caregivers in order to feel secure and safe in the world. If their needs are not consistently met, they may develop a sense of mistrust and feel insecure and anxious.

Question 15

Psychologists are uninterested in the physiological aspects of emotional experience.

Accepted Answer

Psychologists do study the physiological aspects of emotional experience, including the brain structures and processes involved in emotions and the physiological responses that accompany emotions.

Question 16

Psychologists generally agree that infants experience only two general kinds of emotions, one positive and one negative.

Accepted Answer

Psychologists do not generally agree on just two general kinds of emotions experienced by infants. In fact, there is ongoing debate and research regarding the specific emotions that infants are capable of experiencing. Some researchers suggest that infants may experience several basic emotions, including happiness, interest, anger, fear, and sadness. Others argue that infants' emotional experiences are more complex and can involve a range of subtle and nuanced emotional states.

Question 17

Which theorist proposed that the resolution of conflicts at each stage of development throughout the lifetime allows people to acquire new skills?

Accepted Answer

Erikson proposed the theory of psychosocial development, which includes eight stages that individuals progress through throughout their lifespan. Each stage presents conflicts or challenges that must be successfully resolved for healthy development to occur. When individuals successfully resolve a stage's conflict, they acquire new skills and strengths that will help them navigate the challenges of future stages.

Question 18

During the second year of life, babies develop a sense of themselves as competent or not competent to solve problems and accomplish tasks. Erikson referred to this as the stage of ____________.

Accepted Answer

The second year of life is part of Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, during which children develop a sense of independence and control over their environment. This includes their ability to accomplish tasks and solve problems, which contributes to their sense of competence. Option A refers to the stage of infancy, option C to the preschool years, and option D to the elementary school years.

Question 19

The endogenous smile occurs in response to external stimuli.

Accepted Answer

The endogenous smile is a spontaneous and natural smile that is not in response to external stimuli. It is also known as the Duchenne smile, named after the researcher who first described it.

Question 20

Infants are resilient and do not seem to be influenced when their mothers are experiencing depression.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants can be negatively affected by their mother's depression, which can impact their emotional, cognitive and physical development. It is important for mothers to seek treatment for their depression to provide the best possible outcomes for their child's well-being.

Quiz 6: Emotional and Social Development During Infancy

Emotions such as embarrassment, pride, and shame are called "selfconscious emotions" because they:

Difficult family conditions are likely to influence attachment because they lower parental sensitivity and children may feel insecure when they experience unpredictable caregiving.

The majority of children in the United States are classified as securely attached.

Developmental scientists have identified an optimal pattern of attachment that is most conducive to positive development.

Erikson suggested that infants become attached to those:

Parents in the United States generally label the end of infancy as the "terrible twos" because:

The theory of gradual differentiation states that general contentment and distress are the developmental root of all emotions.

One of the attachment categories is labeled "disorganized."

Harlow's research with monkeys provides solid evidence in favor of Freud's drivereduction theory of attachment.

bear simple and direct relation to the events that elicit them while require children to think about and evaluate themselves in relation to a social standard.

At 4 weeks of age, infants begin to smile in response to social stimuli.

The establishment of attachment relationships involves the behaviors of both infant and caregiver.

Infants who spend more than 20 hours a week in out ofhome care end up insecurely attached to their parents.

According to Erikson, during the first year of life, children must resolve the conflict between:

Psychologists are uninterested in the physiological aspects of emotional experience.

Psychologists generally agree that infants experience only two general kinds of emotions, one positive and one negative.

Which theorist proposed that the resolution of conflicts at each stage of development throughout the lifetime allows people to acquire new skills?

During the second year of life, babies develop a sense of themselves as competent or not competent to solve problems and accomplish tasks. Erikson referred to this as the stage of ____________.

The endogenous smile occurs in response to external stimuli.

Infants are resilient and do not seem to be influenced when their mothers are experiencing depression.

Quiz 6: Emotional and Social Development During Infancy

Emotions such as embarrassment, pride, and shame are called "self­conscious emotions" because they:

Difficult family conditions are likely to influence attachment because they lower parental sensitivity and children may feel insecure when they experience unpredictable caregiving.

The majority of children in the United States are classified as securely attached.

Developmental scientists have identified an optimal pattern of attachment that is most conducive to positive development.

Erikson suggested that infants become attached to those:

Parents in the United States generally label the end of infancy as the "terrible twos" because:

The theory of gradual differentiation states that general contentment and distress are the developmental root of all emotions.

One of the attachment categories is labeled "disorganized."

Harlow's research with monkeys provides solid evidence in favor of Freud's drive­reduction theory of attachment.

____________ bear simple and direct relation to the events that elicit them while ____________ require children to think about and evaluate themselves in relation to a social standard.

At 4 weeks of age, infants begin to smile in response to social stimuli.

The establishment of attachment relationships involves the behaviors of both infant and caregiver.

Infants who spend more than 20 hours a week in out­ of­home care end up insecurely attached to their parents.

According to Erikson, during the first year of life, children must resolve the conflict between:

Psychologists are uninterested in the physiological aspects of emotional experience.

Psychologists generally agree that infants experience only two general kinds of emotions, one positive and one negative.

Which theorist proposed that the resolution of conflicts at each stage of development throughout the lifetime allows people to acquire new skills?

During the second year of life, babies develop a sense of themselves as competent or not competent to solve problems and accomplish tasks. Erikson referred to this as the stage of ____________.

The endogenous smile occurs in response to external stimuli.

Infants are resilient and do not seem to be influenced when their mothers are experiencing depression.

Emotions such as embarrassment, pride, and shame are called "selfconscious emotions" because they:

Harlow's research with monkeys provides solid evidence in favor of Freud's drivereduction theory of attachment.

bear simple and direct relation to the events that elicit them while require children to think about and evaluate themselves in relation to a social standard.

Infants who spend more than 20 hours a week in out ofhome care end up insecurely attached to their parents.