Question 1

Which condition is NOT a characteristic of difficult babies, as classified by Thomas and Chess?

Accepted Answer

According to Thomas and Chess, difficult babies exhibit traits such as irregular body functions, slow to adjust to new situations, and intense emotions. Babies who may have been difficult at first but become easier with time would not fit the classification of a difficult baby.

Question 2

Which scenario describes a social smile?

Accepted Answer

A social smile is a smile in response to social interaction, such as a caregiver talking to or interacting with the infant. Option B describes Indira smiling when her father talks to her, indicating a social smile. Option A describes Timmy smiling during sleep, which is not a conscious social interaction. Option C describes Alexa smiling when her mother strokes her cheek, which is a physical touch and not necessarily a social interaction. Therefore, only option B is a social smile.

Question 3

Which of these stimuli is LEAST likely to elicit a smile in a 2-month-old infant?

Accepted Answer

At 2 months old, infants are more responsive to social stimuli, such as faces and physical interaction, than to inanimate objects. Smiling at interesting objects is a behavior that typically develops later as infants become more aware of their surroundings and begin to engage more with the physical world.

Question 4

Which emotion is self-conscious?

Accepted Answer

Shame is the only emotion among the given choices that is self-conscious. It involves feelings of embarrassment, humiliation, and discomfort caused by the realization of one's own shortcomings, mistakes or failures in front of others. Anger, fear, and sadness are not necessarily related to self-awareness or self-consciousness but can be experienced in response to external events or triggers.

Question 5

The act of focusing on one's own negative emotions and negative self-appraisals and on their causes and consequences, without engaging in efforts to improve one's situation, is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The act described in the question is rumination, which involves dwelling on negative thoughts and feelings without actively trying to improve them. Co-regulation refers to the process of regulating emotions with the help of others, self-distraction involves diverting one's attention away from negative thoughts and feelings, and self-regulation involves actively managing one's emotions in order to improve one's overall well-being.

Question 6

Compared with other children, those who regulate their emotions well and are academically competent have parents who respond to their children's negative emotions with

Accepted Answer

Children who regulate their emotions well and are academically competent typically have parents who respond to their children's negative emotions with support. This means that the parents provide emotional validation, problem-solving assistance, and comfort when their children experience negative emotions. This type of support helps children develop healthy emotional regulation skills and may also facilitate academic success. Teasing, disregard, and threats are unlikely to foster positive emotional regulation skills or academic competence.

Question 7

Chronic conditions that may persist throughout childhood and into adulthood are called

Accepted Answer

Chronic conditions that persist throughout childhood and into adulthood are referred to as mental disorders, which may include anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, among others. Toxic stress refers to the prolonged exposure to stress during critical periods of development, while rumination is the tendency to dwell on negative thoughts or experiences. Equifinality refers to the concept that different specific factors can lead to the same outcome or condition.

Question 8

Kaye is very impulsive but exhibits low levels of behavior problems. It is likely that her home environment is

Accepted Answer

Kaye's low levels of behavior problems suggest that she has a positive home environment. Impulsivity alone is not necessarily an indicator of a negative home environment.

Question 9

The use of discussion and other forms of instruction to teach children how to cope with and properly express emotions is known as

Accepted Answer

Emotion coaching involves using discussion and other forms of instruction to teach children how to cope with and properly express emotions. Self-distraction and co-regulation do not necessarily involve instruction, and social competence refers to a broader set of skills related to interacting with others.

Question 10

Dr. Ey takes a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development. Which statement would she be MOST likely to make?

Accepted Answer

A functionalist approach to emotional development focuses on the purpose or function of emotions and how they help individuals adapt to their environment. Choice A directly addresses the purpose of anger and how it helps individuals to achieve their goals. Choices B and C are more aligned with a socialization approach to emotional development, and choice D is more aligned with a basic emotions approach.

Question 11

Mark has always been very impulsive. Because of his family environment, he is currently exhibiting high levels of behavior problems. Which family environment characteristic is NOT likely associated with his behavior problems?

Accepted Answer

A positive family environment would not be associated with behavior problems. The other options (B, C, D) could all potentially contribute to Mark's behavior problems.

Question 12

Which statement about infants' fear of strangers is correct?

Accepted Answer

Infants' fear of strangers emerges at around the age of 6 or 7 months. This is a normal part of development as infants start to differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar people. The level of fear may vary among infants and can be influenced by the context and the stranger's behavior. Separation anxiety typically emerges a few months earlier, around 4-5 months of age.

Question 13

Chloe, who is 3 years old, has broken a cup and is trying to hide the pieces under a towel. She is primarily experiencing

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chloe, who is 3 years old, has...

Question 14

About what percentage of children and adolescents suffer from depression?

Accepted Answer

The answer of About what percentage of children and adolescents...

Question 15

Which parental practice in response to a child doing something wrong is likely to influence the child to feel shame rather than guilt?

Accepted Answer

Publicly humiliating a child is likely to make them feel ashamed rather than guilty, as they will feel like they are inherently bad rather than recognizing that their behavior was wrong. The other choices (A, C, and D) are likely to encourage feelings of guilt instead of shame by focusing on the behavior rather than the child as a person and promoting a sense of empathy and understanding for the consequences of their actions.

Question 16

In general, the development of emotional regulation is NOT characterized by

Accepted Answer

The development of emotional regulation is characterized by increasing control over physiological reactions, not decreasing.

Question 17

This is a prominent system for coding emotions in infants that links particular facial expressions and facial muscle movements with specific emotions.

Accepted Answer

AFFEX (Affiliative Expression Coding System) is a prominent system for coding emotions in infants that links particular facial expressions and facial muscle movements with specific emotions. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) is a stage of sleep, AREM and SFEX are not relevant to coding emotions in infants.

Question 18

Which child who has healthy family relationships is LEAST likely to display negative emotions?

Accepted Answer

As children grow, they develop better emotional regulation skills. By 36 months (3 years), children like Amaris are more capable of managing their emotions compared to younger children, assuming they have healthy family relationships.

Question 19

Which statement about the origins of cultural differences in emotion is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The statement that the same emotional experience may have different meanings across cultures is true. Cultural norms and values shape the interpretation of emotions and their expression. Additionally, research has shown that cultural differences in emotional experience and expression are not entirely due to either environmental or genetic factors, but rather a complex interaction between the two. Parental socialization also plays a significant role in the development of culturally appropriate emotional expression.

Question 20

Which statement about negative emotions is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Negative emotions, such as fear and anger, tend to decline in their intensity and frequency in response to everyday situations as children develop from age 3 to 6 years. This is due to their growing ability to understand, manage, and respond to complex emotional situations.

Quiz 10: Emotional Development