Question 1

The extent to which ethical issues present methodological challenges for researchers varies dramatically with the type of research design.

Accepted Answer

Different research designs have different ethical considerations and challenges. For example, surveys and experiments may pose different ethical challenges than observational studies or qualitative research. Therefore, the extent to which ethical issues present methodological challenges for researchers depends on the research design.

Question 2

The National Institute of Justice can issue a Privacy Certificate, which protects researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information

Accepted Answer

The National Institute of Justice can issue a Privacy Certificate, which grants researchers a limited privilege against being legally required to disclose confidential information.

Question 3

Confidentiality must be maintained for individual research participants unless it is voluntarily and explicitly waived.

Accepted Answer

Confidentiality is a fundamental ethical principle in research and must be maintained for individual research participants unless they voluntarily and explicitly waive it.

Question 4

Because of the difficulty of simulating real-world stresses and dilemmas in a laboratory setting, deception can be a critical component of many experiments.

Accepted Answer

Deception is sometimes necessary in order to create realistic and meaningful experimental conditions. However, it is important to ensure that participants are fully debriefed and that no harm is done to them as a result of the deception.

Question 5

As in Milgram's (1963) study, experimental researchers whose research design requires some type of subject deception try to minimize disclosure of experimental details by withholding some information before the experiment begins but then debrief subjects at the end.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately represents the standard approach for experimental researchers using deception in their studies, as they aim to minimize harm to subjects while still achieving valid experimental results.

Question 6

Today, federal regulations require that many institutions that seek funding for behavioral research on human subjects have an institutional review board (IRB) that reviews research proposals involving human subjects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Today, federal regulations require that many institutions...

Question 7

Debriefing is a session after an experiment in which all instances of deception are revealed and explained and participants are allowed to ask questions.

Accepted Answer

Debriefing is a session after an experiment in which all instances of deception are revealed and explained and participants are allowed to ask questions.

Question 8

Openness about research procedures and results goes hand in hand with honesty in research design.

Accepted Answer

Openness about research procedures and results is a fundamental aspect of scientific integrity and honesty. It helps to ensure the transparency and reproducibility of research findings. When researchers are open about their methods and results, it allows others to assess the accuracy and validity of their research, and to build on their work to advance scientific knowledge. This openness is closely linked to honesty in research design, as it requires a commitment to using reliable and valid methods, and to reporting findings accurately and without bias.

Question 9

Regardless of the study being conducted, research relying on both children and prisoners usually requires a full review by an IRB.

Accepted Answer

Both children and prisoners are considered vulnerable populations and require additional protections in research, making a full review by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) necessary.

Question 10

Research participants should feel no anxiety or distress whatsoever during the study or even after their involvement ends.

Accepted Answer

It is not possible to guarantee that research participants will feel no anxiety or distress at any point during or after their involvement in a study. However, researchers should take steps to minimize the potential for harm or discomfort and provide appropriate support and resources for participants if needed. Ethical guidelines require researchers to obtain informed consent from participants, which includes informing them of any potential risks or discomforts associated with the study. Participants should also be informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time, without penalty or consequence.

Question 11

In a later article, Baumrind (1985) dismissed the value of the self-reported "lack of harm" of subjects who had been willing to participate in the Milgram obedience to authority experiment-and noted that 16% did not endorse the statement that they were "glad" they had participated in the experiment.

Accepted Answer

Baumrind did dismiss the value of self-reported "lack of harm" and noted that 16% did not endorse being "glad" they had participated in the Milgram obedience to authority experiment.

Question 12

The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) Code of Ethics sets forth ethical standards for members that are more specific than federal guidelines.

Accepted Answer

The ACJS Code of Ethics does set forth more specific ethical standards for members than federal guidelines.

Question 13

Obtaining informed consent creates challenges for researchers.

Accepted Answer

Obtaining informed consent can be challenging for researchers due to various factors such as language barriers, power dynamics, cultural differences, and the complexity of the information being presented. Additionally, some participants may not fully understand the risks and benefits involved in the study, while others may feel pressured to participate due to financial incentives or cultural expectations. Therefore, researchers must take steps to ensure that participants are fully informed about the study and given the opportunity to ask questions and withdraw their consent at any time.

Question 14

Procedures to protect each subject's privacy, such as locking records and creating special identifying codes, are nearly impossible to implement in research settings.

Accepted Answer

Procedures to protect each subject's privacy, such as locking records and creating special identifying codes, are not impossible to implement in research settings. In fact, they are essential to ensuring the confidentiality of research participants. Numerous guidelines and regulations exist to assist researchers in protecting their participants' privacy, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule in the United States.

Question 15

The act of publication itself is a vital element in maintaining openness and honesty.

Accepted Answer

When something is published, it becomes available for public scrutiny and evaluation. This transparency helps maintain a level of honesty and accountability in the publication process. Without publication, there is no way for others to verify the accuracy of the information being presented, which can lead to misunderstandings and mistrust.

Question 16

Philip Zimbardo (2008) himself decided that his Stanford Prison Experiment was unethical because it violated the first two of these principles: participants "did suffer considerable anguish . . . ."

Accepted Answer

Zimbardo himself acknowledged that the Stanford Prison Experiment was unethical because participants experienced significant psychological distress.

Question 17

The process and even possibility of obtaining informed consent must take into account the capacity of prospective participants to give informed consent.

Accepted Answer

Obtaining informed consent requires that the person giving consent has the capacity to understand the information provided and make an informed decision. This means that if a prospective participant does not have the capacity to give informed consent, alternative methods of obtaining consent or protecting their rights must be employed.

Question 18

Most social scientists believe that it is never proper for scientists to concern themselves with the way their research is used.

Accepted Answer

Most social scientists believe that scientists have an ethical responsibility to consider the potential impacts and uses of their research, and to make efforts to ensure that it is used for positive purposes and not for harm.

Question 19

The withholding of a beneficial treatment from some subjects is a cause for ethical concern.

Accepted Answer

Withholding a beneficial treatment from some subjects is a violation of the principle of beneficence, which requires that researchers maximize benefits and minimize harms to research participants. This is an ethical concern in research.

Question 20

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) passed by Congress in 1996 had very little effect on the protection of health care data

Accepted Answer

HIPAA established national standards for the protection of certain health information, including electronic health records. It imposed penalties for violations of these standards and required healthcare providers and organizations to implement privacy and security measures to protect health data. HIPAA had a significant impact on the protection of health care data and continues to regulate the use and disclosure of protected health information.

Quiz 3: Ethical Guidelines for Research

The extent to which ethical issues present methodological challenges for researchers varies dramatically with the type of research design.

The National Institute of Justice can issue a Privacy Certificate, which protects researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information

Confidentiality must be maintained for individual research participants unless it is voluntarily and explicitly waived.

Because of the difficulty of simulating real-world stresses and dilemmas in a laboratory setting, deception can be a critical component of many experiments.

As in Milgram's (1963) study, experimental researchers whose research design requires some type of subject deception try to minimize disclosure of experimental details by withholding some information before the experiment begins but then debrief subjects at the end.

Today, federal regulations require that many institutions that seek funding for behavioral research on human subjects have an institutional review board (IRB) that reviews research proposals involving human subjects.

Debriefing is a session after an experiment in which all instances of deception are revealed and explained and participants are allowed to ask questions.

Openness about research procedures and results goes hand in hand with honesty in research design.

Regardless of the study being conducted, research relying on both children and prisoners usually requires a full review by an IRB.

Research participants should feel no anxiety or distress whatsoever during the study or even after their involvement ends.

The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) Code of Ethics sets forth ethical standards for members that are more specific than federal guidelines.

Obtaining informed consent creates challenges for researchers.

Procedures to protect each subject's privacy, such as locking records and creating special identifying codes, are nearly impossible to implement in research settings.

The act of publication itself is a vital element in maintaining openness and honesty.

Philip Zimbardo (2008) himself decided that his Stanford Prison Experiment was unethical because it violated the first two of these principles: participants "did suffer considerable anguish . . . ."

The process and even possibility of obtaining informed consent must take into account the capacity of prospective participants to give informed consent.

Most social scientists believe that it is never proper for scientists to concern themselves with the way their research is used.

The withholding of a beneficial treatment from some subjects is a cause for ethical concern.

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) passed by Congress in 1996 had very little effect on the protection of health care data