Question 1

The cognitive explanation of what it means to be male or female that emphasizes information processing and environmental influences is called ______.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive explanation that emphasizes information processing and environmental influences in understanding what it means to be male or female is known as gender schema theory.

Question 2

A full understanding of gender constancy occurs by which age?

Accepted Answer

A full understanding of gender constancy occurs by the age of 7. This means that children are able to understand that their gender is a stable aspect of their identity that does not change even if they engage in activities or behaviors that are typically associated with the opposite gender. Prior to this age, children may not fully grasp the concept of gender constancy and may believe that gender is determined by superficial characteristics such as clothing or toys.

Question 3

Which theoretical perspective is consistent with a contextual explanation of gender role development?

Accepted Answer

The social learning perspective emphasizes the influence of social and cultural context on gender role development. It suggests that children learn gender roles through observation, imitation, and reinforcement of gender-typical behaviors and attitudes exhibited by others in their environment.

Question 4

Studies showing infants as young as 3-4 months being able to distinguish between male and female faces reflects which explanation of gender role development?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies showing infants as young as 3-4...

Question 5

For gender-consistent behavior, parents tend to encourage girls to ______.

Accepted Answer

Parents tend to encourage girls to provide assistance, as this behavior is viewed as nurturing and caring, which are traits traditionally associated with femininity. Girls are often praised for being helpful and cooperative, and may be expected to assist with household chores or care for younger siblings.

Question 6

Mina and Kylie are playing a game in which they are pretending to be princesses. Cooper wants to play too, but the girls tell him, "No! You're a boy!" Which concept are Mina and Kylie demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

Mina and Kylie are demonstrating gender schema theory, which involves the ideas and beliefs about gender roles and expectations that children learn and internalize from their culture. By excluding Cooper based on his gender, they are acting on the societal schemas or stereotypes about what activities are appropriate for boys and girls.

Question 7

David says that he is a boy but when he grows up he is going to be a girl. David has an incomplete understanding of gender ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of David says that he is a boy...

Question 8

Studies of transgender children who have delayed socially transitioning report increased rates of ______.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that transgender children who delay socially transitioning experience higher rates of depression. This may be due to the distress caused by being forced to conform to their assigned gender rather than being allowed to express their true gender identity.

Question 9

Social learning and influences by parents, peers, and teachers are part of which approach to understanding gender development?

Accepted Answer

The contextual approach emphasizes the role of social and cultural influences on gender development, including social learning from parents, peers, and teachers. The biological approach emphasizes genetic and hormonal influences, the cognitive approach emphasizes children's understanding and categorization of gender, and the genetic approach emphasizes the role of genes in gender development.

Question 10

Awareness of gender identity is a part of which theoretical perspective?

Accepted Answer

The cognitive-developmental perspective focuses on how children develop an understanding of gender identity, including the recognition of one's own gender and understanding of gender roles and stereotypes.

Question 11

Lauren told her grandma that she is a boy because she likes to wear "boy shirts" and wants to be a football player. Lauren has an incomplete understanding of gender ______.

Accepted Answer

Lauren's belief that liking "boy shirts" and wanting to be a football player makes her a boy indicates she lacks gender constancy, which is the understanding that gender remains the same over time and is not changed by external attributes or activities.

Question 12

Transgender children experience incongruence between their biological sex and their gender ______.

Accepted Answer

Gender identity is the subjective internal sense of being male, female, both, or neither. Transgender children experience a discrepancy between their biological sex and their gender identity, leading to gender dysphoria. Therefore, the best choice for the missing word is "identity."

Question 13

A typical boy's play style would include ______.

Accepted Answer

Boys tend to play more physically and actively, often engaging in roughhousing, sports, and other active games that involve physical force. Persuasion and verbal requests are more common play styles for girls. Acceptance is not a play style, but rather a trait related to social behavior.

Question 14

Elijah and Jack are pretending to be pirates. Hannah wants to play too, but the boys tell her, "No! You're a girl!" Which concept are Elijah and Jack demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

Elijah and Jack are demonstrating gender schema theory, which is the concept that children learn gender roles and stereotypes through cultural messages and then organize their behavior and interactions based on those schemas. The boys are excluding Hannah from their pirate play because they see pirates as being male and therefore believe that girls cannot participate in that role.

Question 15

A concept or mental structure that embodies understanding of what it means to be male or female is called a ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A concept or mental structure that embodies...

Question 16

At which age are most children labeling themselves as boy or girl?

Accepted Answer

Most children can label themselves as a boy or girl by the age of 2, as they begin to understand gender identity around this age.

Question 17

A child's understanding that he or she will always be the same gender regardless of appearance, activities, or attitudes, is called gender ______.

Accepted Answer

Gender constancy is the understanding that one's gender remains the same even if there are changes in appearance, activities, or attitudes. Gender stability refers to the understanding that gender stays the same over time, but does not take into account external changes. Gender schema refers to the mental framework through which an individual organizes their understanding of gender. Difference is not a relevant term in this context.

Question 18

For gender-consistent behavior, parents tend to encourage boys to ______.

Accepted Answer

Boys are often encouraged to be independent and self-sufficient, which can manifest in behaviors such as playing independently. This is a gender-consistent behavior that aligns with traditional masculine roles and expectations. However, it is important to note that encouraging independence should not come at the expense of emotional development or the ability to provide assistance and help others.

Question 19

Peers reinforce gender-typed behavior with praise, imitation, or participation as early as which age?

Accepted Answer

Peers reinforce gender-typed behavior as early as age 3, which means that option A is the correct answer.

Question 20

Which hormone is linked to aggression?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone has been linked to aggression in multiple studies. It is commonly known as the "male hormone" but is present in both males and females. High levels of testosterone have been found to be associated with increased aggression, although it is not the only factor involved in aggressive behavior.

Quiz 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood