Question 1

Secondary emotions are also known as sociomoral emotions because they ____.

Accepted Answer

Secondary emotions are called sociomoral emotions because they are based on cultural standards of right or wrong. They are learned through socialization and vary across cultures. Examples of sociomoral emotions include guilt, shame, pride, and embarrassment.

Question 2

In toddlerhood new emotions appear, such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy and pride. These are examples of ____.

Accepted Answer

These are examples of secondary emotions, which are more complex and require social or cultural learning. Primary emotions, such as happiness, anger, and sadness, are present from birth and are the building blocks for these more complex emotions. Tertiary emotions do not exist as a recognized category. Animal emotions do have some similarities to human emotions, but they are not the same.

Question 3

Within the first few days of life, infants begin to ____.

Accepted Answer

Infants are able to recognise the smell of their mother's breast and the sound of her voice within the first few days of life. This helps to promote bonding and attachment between mother and child. While infants do develop a sense of self later on in development, it is not present within the first few days of life. Infants also typically continue to rely on the rooting reflex to feed for at least the first few weeks of life and do not have regular sleep and wake cycles until several weeks after birth.

Question 4

Which of the following are primary emotions?

Accepted Answer

Primary emotions are considered universal and include anger, fear, happiness, surprise, disgust, and sadness. Anger, fear, and happiness are among those primary emotions, while the other options include social emotions or secondary emotions.

Question 5

Ginny fell down while running at the park. She quickly looked around and noticed that some other kids saw her. She felt embarrassed. The youngest that Ginny could be is __________.

Accepted Answer

Assuming that Ginny is old enough to run independently at a park, the youngest age she could be is 3 years old.

Question 6

In toddlerhood, parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional regulation. This is an example of using ____ to extend toddlers' capacities for emotional regulation.

Accepted Answer

External requirements, such as rules and expectations, are used by parents to help toddlers learn to regulate their emotions and behavior. This can include things like setting limits on acceptable behavior, using time-outs or consequences for misbehavior, and establishing routines and expectations for daily activities. By setting these external requirements and consistently enforcing them, parents help toddlers develop the skills they need to manage their own emotions and behavior over time. Communication, language, and speech are also important for emotional regulation, but they are not specifically related to the use of external requirements by parents.

Question 7

Anger, fear and happiness are examples of ____.

Accepted Answer

Anger, fear and happiness are primary emotions. Primary emotions are basic or universal emotions that are experienced by people regardless of cultural background or context.

Question 8

In Western countries it is widely accepted that toddlerhood tantrums are normal and even inevitable. What is the case for tantrums outside of Western countries?

Accepted Answer

While there is cultural variation in the expression of emotions and behavior, tantrums are a common occurrence in children across cultures. However, the level of acceptance and how parents respond to tantrums may vary. In some non-Western countries, such as Japan and China, parents may be less permissive and more likely to use physical punishment to discipline their children. However, it is not accurate to make generalizations about tantrums being worse or more rare in non-Western countries without empirical evidence. Therefore, option B is the best choice as it acknowledges the universality of tantrums while not making unfounded assumptions about how they are experienced in different cultures.

Question 9

When do most toddlers develop the internalised set of moral standards that guide their emotions and behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When do most toddlers develop the internalised...

Question 10

Tantrums during toddlerhood, also known as the 'terrible twos', are ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tantrums during toddlerhood, also known as the...

Question 11

Twenty-eight-month-old Nicole saw her friend crying and she responded by giving her friend a toy. Which emotion was Nicole expressing?

Accepted Answer

Nicole was showing empathy by giving her friend a toy in response to her crying. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others.

Question 12

Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) put a red spot on the noses of children who were 9, 12 and 18 months old. The children then viewed themselves in mirrors. At what age did the children rub their noses, recognising the image was their own?

Accepted Answer

At 18 months, children typically begin to recognize themselves in mirrors, indicating self-awareness, which is why they rubbed their noses.

Question 13

Which of the following are secondary emotions?

Accepted Answer

Secondary emotions are the emotions that arise from the combination of primary emotions. Shame, guilt and embarrassment are all examples of secondary emotions. Sadness, disgust, joy, anger, fear, happiness, surprise and anger are all primary emotions.

Question 14

What do Chinese mothers use to teach their toddlers to be considerate of others, which also prepares them for growing up in a collectivistic culture that emphasises the value of consideration for others?

Accepted Answer

Chinese mothers often use shame as a way to teach their toddlers to be considerate of others. They may shame their child for not behaving properly in public or for being selfish, emphasizing the importance of considering the feelings and needs of others in a collectivistic culture. However, it should be noted that this approach has been criticized for its potentially harmful effects on a child's self-esteem and emotional development.

Question 15

____ is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person's distress.

Accepted Answer

Empathy is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person's distress. It involves being able to see things from the other person's perspective and having a genuine concern for their well-being. Sadness may be a natural response to another person's distress, but it doesn't necessarily indicate an ability to respond helpfully. Thoughtfulness may be related to empathy, but it is not the same thing. Apathy, on the other hand, is a lack of empathy or concern for others.

Question 16

What is an internalised set of moral standards that guide toddlers' emotions and behaviours?

Accepted Answer

The internalised set of moral standards that guide toddlers' emotions and behaviours is called a conscience. A conscience helps children understand right from wrong and guides their decision-making, emotions and behaviour.

Question 17

Because they are evoked based on what the toddler has learned about culturally based standards of right and wrong, secondary emotions are called ____.

Accepted Answer

Secondary emotions, such as guilt and shame, are based on sociomoral standards (i.e. cultural norms and values) and therefore are called sociomoral emotions.

Question 18

Hoffman (2000) found that toddlers responded to a researcher's feigned distress by offering a hug, a comforting remark or a favourite stuffed animal or blanket. What concept describes this behaviour?

Accepted Answer

This behaviour is best described as empathy, which is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. The toddlers in Hoffman's study demonstrated empathy by responding to the researcher's distress with comfort and care.

Question 19

Learning to regulate their ____ helps toddlers to regulate their ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Learning to regulate their ____ helps toddlers...

Question 20

Most toddlers can self-recognise by ____.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that most toddlers can self-recognise by 18 months of age. While some may be able to recognise themselves as early as 6 months, it is not typical for most children until around 1.5 years old. Therefore, options A and B can be eliminated. Option D may also be too late for most toddlers to recognise themselves.

Quiz 5: Toddlerhood