Question 1

____ is a reflex that causes milk to be released if a mother hears the cry of her infant, sees an open mouth or even thinks about breastfeeding.

Accepted Answer

The let-down reflex is a normal body response that can be stimulated by a baby's cry or suckling, as well as by thoughts or visual cues related to breastfeeding. This reflex causes the release of milk from the mother's breasts. The Babinski reflex is a reflex in infants where the toes spread apart when the sole of the foot is stimulated. The sneeze reflex is a reflex that clears the nasal passages. There is no such thing as a "feeding time reflex."

Question 2

What name is given to a lactating woman who breastfeeds an infant but is not the infant's mother?

Accepted Answer

A lactating woman who breastfeeds an infant but is not the infant's mother is called a wet nurse.

Question 3

Imagine that it is the late 1800s, and you and your wife are speaking with the doctor discussing how to best care for your newborn baby. Your doctor would recommend that the baby be given ____.

Accepted Answer

In the late 1800s, it was common for doctors to recommend condensed or evaporated milk as a substitute for breast milk, as formula was not yet developed. This is because breast milk was not always readily available, and there was a lack of understanding about its health benefits. However, it is important to note that breast milk is still the ideal source of nutrition for infants.

Question 4

You visit your friend in the hospital after giving birth to her first child, and her husband mentions that he is so relieved that the Apgar score was a 9, so now he doesn't have to worry about any problems. He states, 'My best friend had a baby with Down syndrome, and their baby's Apgar score was really low; we are so lucky that our baby is above average in intelligence.' Explain what the Apgar stands for and comment on the above quote.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You visit your friend in the hospital...

Question 5

Your friend is breastfeeding, although no one in her family ever has. She is very concerned because it seems like whenever her infant cries, breast milk begins to flow even when she has not picked her baby up yet. What would you tell her is happening?

Accepted Answer

The let-down reflex is a natural physiological response that occurs when a breastfeeding mother's body releases milk from her breasts in response to her baby's cues of hunger. This reflex can be triggered by the sound of a crying baby, the sight or smell of the baby, or even just thoughts of the baby. The milk let-down reflex occurs because of the hormone oxytocin, which is released from the brain and stimulates the milk ducts to contract, causing milk to flow. This reflex is a normal and natural part of breastfeeding, and can be a sign that the mother and baby are bonding well.

Question 6

What percentage of infants is currently breastfed in Australia?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What percentage of infants is currently breastfed...

Question 7

With the advent of condensed and evaporated milk in the late 1800s and its continuous growth in popularity in the United States, by 1940 what percentage of mothers breastfed their babies?

Accepted Answer

By 1940, the popularity of condensed and evaporated milk had significantly impacted breastfeeding practices in the United States, leading to only 20-30% of mothers breast-feeding their babies. This decline was influenced by the convenience and perceived modernity of using canned milk products as alternatives to breast milk.

Question 8

Supported by research, UNICEF and the World Health Organization have begun a campaign to ____.

Accepted Answer

The mention of UNICEF and the World Health Organization working together to promote something is indicative of the importance and validity of the campaign. Additionally, research likely supports the benefits of breastfeeding for infants, further reinforcing the likelihood that the campaign is about promoting breastfeeding. Options B, C, and D are unlikely and not supported by the given information.

Question 9

Which of the following are correlating factors as to whether a mother will breastfeed?

Accepted Answer

The three factors that are most commonly associated with a mother's decision to breastfeed are her age, level of education, and socio-economic status. Younger mothers and those with lower levels of education and income are less likely to breastfeed, while older mothers and those with higher levels of education and income are more likely to breastfeed. Personality traits, temperament, or geographical location have not shown consistent correlations with breastfeeding decisions.

Question 10

At what month of gestation in humans are the breasts ready to produce milk?

Accepted Answer

The answer of At what month of gestation in humans...

Question 11

When a mother who is breastfeeding hears her infant cry, what typically happens?

Accepted Answer

The let-down reflex is the hormonal process that occurs when a nursing mother hears her infant cry or experiences other stimuli that signal her body to release milk from her breasts. This process involves the hormone oxytocin, which causes the muscles surrounding the milk ducts in the breast to contract and push milk towards the nipple. This reflex helps to ensure that the infant receives the milk they need to thrive.

Question 12

What have anthropologists concluded regarding the proximity of mothers and infants during infancy? For 99% of human history, infants were _____.

Accepted Answer

Anthropologists have concluded that for 99% of human history, infants were bound or close to their mothers almost constantly during infancy.

Question 13

Over the course of history, which of the following have been common substitutes for breast milk?

Accepted Answer

Over the course of history, cow's and goat's milk have been common substitutes for breast milk. While other animal milks such as sheep's, dog's, elephant's or cat's milk have been used in certain cultures, they are not as common and widespread as cow's and goat's milk.

Question 14

Assume you're living in a tribal group in Africa, and one of the village mothers cannot produce enough breast milk for her infant. Which of the following would most likely serve as a substitute for a mother's breast milk?

Accepted Answer

Goat's milk is most commonly used as a substitute for human breast milk in many cultures, including in African tribal communities. Sheep's milk is also a viable option, but goat's milk is generally more available and easier to digest for infants. Elephant and dog's milk are not typically consumed by humans and are not recommended as substitutes for breast milk.

Question 15

In the 1970s, scientific evidence had accumulated, and which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Scientific evidence had accumulated in the 1970s that showed breast milk is far better than any substitute. This led to a shift towards promoting breastfeeding as the optimal choice for infant nutrition.

Question 16

Historically, if a mother could not or did not want to breastfeed, she might have used a(n) ____.

Accepted Answer

A wet nurse is a woman employed to breastfeed another woman's child. This was a common practice in the past for women who could not or did not want to breastfeed their own children. Lactation consultants, midwives, and obstetrician/gynecologists may offer support and guidance for breastfeeding, but they do not breastfeed the child themselves.

Question 17

Chimpanzees breastfeed their infants for about ____ years.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chimpanzees breastfeed their infants for about ____...

Question 18

What expands greatly in size as milk-producing cells multiply and mature?

Accepted Answer

Mammary glands are responsible for producing milk, and these glands expand greatly in size as milk-producing cells multiply and mature. The other options (areolas and Montgomery glands) do not directly produce milk, but rather are related to breastfeeding as they aid in the delivery of milk.

Question 19

The ____ glands are responsible for milk production.

Accepted Answer

Mammary glands are responsible for milk production. The thyroid gland produces hormones involved in metabolism, the pituitary gland produces hormones that control various bodily functions, and the adrenal glands produce hormones involved in stress response. None of these glands are directly responsible for milk production.

Question 20

Your grandmother is convinced that formula is the best way to feed infants because that is the way that she was fed as an infant. Although you do not want to argue, why did her mother's generation formula feed rather than breastfeed?

Accepted Answer

In the 1930s and 1940s, companies that produced formula convinced the public through advertising that formula feeding was the healthiest way to feed infants. Breastfeeding was often seen as old-fashioned and lower class, and formula feeding was marketed as more modern and hygienic. However, since then, research has consistently shown that breastfeeding is actually the healthiest option for infants.

Quiz 3: Birth and the Newborn Child