Question 1

People are most likely to come to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently .
A)precede positive events
B)occur simultaneously with positive events
C)follow positive events
D)occur by themselves over a long period

Accepted Answer

This is based on the concept of learned helplessness, which suggests that people can become conditioned to feel helpless and tolerate painful and humiliating events if they consistently precede positive events. This is because they come to associate the negative events with the positive outcomes, and as a result, they may begin to believe that the negative events are necessary for the positive outcomes to occur.

Question 2

The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert involved the procedure known as .
A)trace conditioning
B)delayed conditioning
C)simultaneous conditioning
D)backward conditioning

Accepted Answer

The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert used delayed conditioning, where the neutral stimulus (a white rat) was presented just before the unconditioned stimulus (a loud noise) and continued until the unconditioned stimulus was presented.

Question 3

The research that is most helpful to an understanding of racial prejudice is probably that of .
A)Watson and Rayner
B)Garcia
C)Pavlov
D)Staats and Staats

Accepted Answer

The research of Staats and Staats focuses on the role of social learning and conditioning in the development of racial prejudice, which provides important insights into the psychological mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Watson and Rayner's study of classical conditioning in a young child (Little Albert) does not relate directly to racial prejudice. Garcia's research pertains to conditioned taste aversions in rats, and Pavlov's work deals with classical conditioning in dogs, neither of which have direct relevance to racial prejudice.

Question 4

The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves .
A)programmed texts
B)psychoactive drugs
C)virtual reality
D)sleep conditioning

Accepted Answer

The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves virtual reality. Virtual reality is being used in exposure therapy to gradually expose individuals to feared stimuli, such as spiders or heights, in a controlled environment. This allows the individual to build up their tolerance and decrease their fear response. The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves virtual reality, which allows individuals to confront their fears and anxieties in a controlled and safe environment. This approach has been used successfully in treating anxiety disorders, phobias, and PTSD. Programmed texts and sleep conditioning are not commonly used in modern counterconditioning, and psychoactive drugs are not typically considered a form of counterconditioning at all.

Question 5

If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is .
A)allergic to plastic
B)allergic to pollen
C)faking
D)nearsighted

Accepted Answer

Sneezing after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower suggests that the person is allergic to something that mimics pollen, which is commonly found in real flowers. Therefore, the person is most likely allergic to pollen and not plastic or faking it. Being nearsighted has no relation to sneezing. If the person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, it is unlikely that they are allergic to plastic. However, since the flower is realistic-looking, it could contain pollen that the person is allergic to, causing them to sneeze. Therefore, the person is likely allergic to pollen.

Question 6

Elnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of pleasant scenes with .
A)hair tonic
B)shampoo
C)toothpaste
D)milk

Accepted Answer

The answer of Elnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of...

Question 7

Pedophilia is sometimes treated with a form of counterconditioning called .
A)sexual reorientation
B)surrogate training
C)sexual inhibition therapy
D)aversion therapy

Accepted Answer

Pedophilia is sometimes treated with aversion therapy, which is a form of counterconditioning that aims to associate the sexual attraction to children with a negative experience or stimuli. For example, a patient might be exposed to pictures of children while simultaneously being given an electric shock or foul odor, with the hope that they will start to develop an aversion to those sexual thoughts and desires. However, the effectiveness of aversion therapy in treating pedophilia is controversial and it is not commonly used as a treatment method.

Question 8

Senatorial candidate Smith's popularity increased dramatically after he was seen on television shaking hands with a very popular public figure.This is probably an example of .
A)preconditioning
B)emotional conditioning
C)masochistic behavior
D)backward conditioning

Accepted Answer

This is an example of emotional conditioning, where the positive emotions associated with the popular public figure are transferred to the candidate through the act of shaking hands on television. This is an example of emotional conditioning, as the positive emotion associated with the popular public figure was transferred to Senatorial candidate Smith through the act of shaking hands on television.

Question 9

The CS and US in the Garcia et al.experiment were .
A)flavored water and radiation
B)bell and food
C)food and bell
D)light and loud buzzer

Accepted Answer

In the Garcia et al. experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was flavored water, and the unconditioned stimulus (US) was radiation, which caused nausea in rats. This experiment demonstrated taste aversion learning.

Question 10

Conditioned suppression is used as a measure of .
A)anger
B)love
C)hate
D)fear

Accepted Answer

Conditioned suppression is a measure of fear. It involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus to create a conditioned fear response, and then measuring the degree to which the conditioned stimulus suppresses ongoing behavior.

Question 11

In therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with an aversive stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.
A)counter-
B)adversive
C)aversion
D)shock

Accepted Answer

This describes aversion therapy, where an unwanted behavior is paired with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.

Question 12

Little Albert has grown up and sees a therapist for treatment of his fear of laboratory rats and other white, furry things.The therapist is most likely to treat him by repeatedly pairing a piece of white fur with a .
A)loud noise
B)piece of brown fur
C)blast of air in his eye
D)short piece of Albert's favorite music

Accepted Answer

The therapist would use counterconditioning, pairing the white fur with something positive, like Albert's favorite music, to reduce his fear response.

Question 13

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies.This is an example of a/an .
A)conditioned taste aversion
B)fixed action pattern
C)unconditional response
D)conditioned emotional response

Accepted Answer

This is an example of conditioned taste aversion, where an animal learns to associate a certain food with illness or negative consequences, and avoids it in the future. In this case, the blue jays may have tried to eat Monarch butterflies in the past, but found them to be toxic or unpalatable, and have learned to avoid them.

Question 14

Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the .
A)subjects were pigeons
B)interval between CS and US was several minutes
C)US was very weak
D)CS was very intense

Accepted Answer

Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was notable because the interval between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) was several minutes, which is unusually long compared to the short intervals typically used in classical conditioning experiments.

Question 15

The use of euphemisms is best explained by the work of .
A)Watson
B)Jones
C)Staats and Staats
D)Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Staats and Staats developed the theory of verbal behavior, which includes the use of euphemisms as a form of indirect language.

Question 16

Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry was written by .
A)Ivan Pavlov
B)Mary Cover Jones
C)John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
D)Joseph Wolpe

Accepted Answer

The author of the book "Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry" is Ivan Pavlov. The book "Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry" was written by Ivan Pavlov.

Question 17

Research shows that when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, they show .
A)increased immune functioning
B)decreased immune functioning
C)no change in immune functioning
D)incidental conditional responses

Accepted Answer

Research shows that chemotherapy can have a negative impact on the immune system, leading to decreased immune functioning. Therefore, upon returning to the hospital for chemotherapy, women are likely to show decreased immune functioning rather than increased or no change. The option of incidental conditional responses is not relevant to this scenario. Research shows that chemotherapy can greatly decrease immune functioning in women, making them more susceptible to infection and other health issues. Therefore, when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, it is more likely that their immune functioning has decreased rather than increased or remained the same.

Question 18

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a .
A)rat and loud sound
B)rabbit and loud sound
C)rabbit and slap
D)rabbit and shock

Accepted Answer

In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was a rat, and the unconditioned stimulus (US) was a loud sound.

Question 19

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called .
A)systemic fear reduction
B)pseudoconditioning
C)counterconditioning
D)restitution therapy

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning is a procedure that involves pairing a feared stimulus with a pleasant stimulus in order to eliminate the fear response through the process of classical conditioning. Jones used counterconditioning with Peter by gradually exposing him to rabbits while engaging in enjoyable activities, such as playing with toys or eating favorite foods. This helped Peter form new positive associations with rabbits and eventually eliminated his fear. Counterconditioning is a procedure in which a fear response is replaced by a relaxation response through the gradual exposure to the feared stimulus in a safe environment. This is the most appropriate choice for treating Peter's fear of rabbits because it involves introducing him to rabbits in a controlled setting while pairing their presence with pleasant experiences, such as praise or food rewards, to counteract his fear response. Systemic fear reduction, pseudoconditioning, and restitution therapy are not specific techniques for treating specific phobias like Peter's fear of rabbits.

Question 20

The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of .
A)first-order conditioning
B)tertiary conditioning
C)higher-order conditioning
D)oral conditioning

Accepted Answer

Carolyn and Arthur Staats' studies demonstrate higher-order conditioning, as the pairing of a neutral stimulus (words) with a pleasant stimulus (pleasant words) creates a conditioned response of positive or pleasant feelings towards the neutral stimulus. This is not first-order conditioning, as the neutral stimulus is not initially paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a response, and it is not tertiary conditioning or oral conditioning, as those refer to specific types of classical conditioning involving multiple or oral stimuli.

Quiz 4: Pavlovian Applications

People are most likely to come to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently .

The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert involved the procedure known as .

The research that is most helpful to an understanding of racial prejudice is probably that of .

The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves .

If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is .

Elnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of pleasant scenes with .

Pedophilia is sometimes treated with a form of counterconditioning called .

Senatorial candidate Smith's popularity increased dramatically after he was seen on television shaking hands with a very popular public figure.This is probably an example of .

The CS and US in the Garcia et al.experiment were .

Conditioned suppression is used as a measure of .

In therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with an aversive stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.

Little Albert has grown up and sees a therapist for treatment of his fear of laboratory rats and other white, furry things.The therapist is most likely to treat him by repeatedly pairing a piece of white fur with a .

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies.This is an example of a/an .

Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the .

The use of euphemisms is best explained by the work of .

Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry was written by .

Research shows that when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, they show .

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a .

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called .

The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of .