Question 1

(Scenario III) The researchers of the study described in Scenario III offered participants $50 after they completed the study. Why do you think they did this?

Accepted Answer

Offering participants a monetary incentive, such as $50 upon completion of the study, is a strategy to minimize attrition, which refers to the loss of participants over the course of a study. This incentive encourages participants to remain in the study until the end.

Question 2

(Scenario III) Scenario III states that only 24 of the initial 30 men completed the study. This is an example of _____ and is a potential threat to the study's _____ validity.

Accepted Answer

Mortality, also known as attrition, refers to the loss of participants over the course of a study. This can threaten the internal validity of the study because it may introduce systematic differences between those who complete the study and those who do not, potentially affecting the study's outcomes.

Question 3

_____ is a type of within-subjects design in which participants are exposed to each level of the independent variable and are measured on the dependent variable after each level.

Accepted Answer

A repeated-measures design involves participants being exposed to all levels of the independent variable, with measurements taken after each exposure. This contrasts with designs where different groups are exposed to different levels or where there's a single measurement after all exposures.

Question 4

(Scenario I) The study described in Scenario I required participants to volunteer two nights of sleep. What might the researchers have done to minimize the attrition rate?

Accepted Answer

Providing a monetary incentive for each night and a bonus for participating in both nights can motivate participants to complete the study, thus minimizing attrition.

Question 5

If a researcher wants to complete an initial assessment of a group of participants, this is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A baseline measurement is the initial collection of data or observations that serves as a point of comparison for later stages of a study or experiment. It helps in understanding the effect of interventions by comparing pre-intervention data with post-intervention data.

Question 6

(Scenario II) The study described in Scenario II uses undergraduate volunteers from a university participant pool. Which of the following is NOT true of participant pools?

Accepted Answer

Participant pools often involve volunteer bias because the individuals who choose to participate may differ in significant ways from those who do not, meaning volunteer bias is not completely removed.

Question 7

(Scenario III) To conclude that tryptophan is significantly greater than tyrosine one-hour after eating a meal, the researchers must have performed a(n):

Accepted Answer

The answer of (Scenario III) To conclude that tryptophan is...

Question 8

_____, also known as attrition, is the differential dropping out of participants from a study.

Accepted Answer

Mortality refers to the loss of participants over the course of a study, which can lead to differences in outcomes between groups if the dropout rate is not evenly distributed.

Question 9

A _____ is a self-report data collection strategy in which individuals record their behaviors and associated feelings concurrently.

Accepted Answer

A behavioral diary is a self-report tool where individuals document their own behaviors and feelings as they occur, making it a direct method for collecting data on personal experiences and actions in real time.

Question 10

_____ is the differential dropping out of participants from a study.

Accepted Answer

Attrition refers to the loss of participants over the course of a study, which can lead to differential outcomes between groups if the dropout rate is not consistent across them.

Question 11

(Scenario I) Why do you think the researchers in Scenario I did not rely only on participants' behavioral diaries to assess mood and cognition?

Accepted Answer

The answer of (Scenario I) Why do you think the...

Question 12

Repeated-measures designs, unlike pretest-posttest designs, do NOT include:

Accepted Answer

Repeated-measures designs do not necessarily include a baseline measurement, as they focus on measuring the same subjects under different conditions or over time, rather than comparing to a baseline.

Question 13

(Scenario II) Which order effect is illustrated in the study described in Scenario II?

Accepted Answer

The answer of (Scenario II) Which order effect is illustrated...

Question 14

(Scenario II) Suppose the researchers of the study described in Scenario II increased the number of trials from 9 to 99. What potential order effect would be more likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

The answer of (Scenario II) Suppose the researchers of the...

Question 15

(Scenario I) The researchers of the study described in Scenario I counterbalanced the design so that half the participants received a solid eight hours of sleep first and the other half received interrupted sleep first. They did this to reduce which order effect?

Accepted Answer

Counterbalancing is used to minimize order effects in a study, which can include practice effects, carryover effects, and fatigue effects. By varying the order in which treatments are received, researchers can reduce the impact of these effects on the results.

Question 16

A _____ focuses on a within-subjects design in which participants are measured before and after exposure to a treatment or intervention.

Accepted Answer

A pretest-posttest design specifically involves measuring participants before and after a treatment or intervention, which aligns with the description given.

Question 17

(Scenario I) Which statistic should the researchers use to analyze the data from Scenario I?

Accepted Answer

The answer of (Scenario I) Which statistic should the researchers...

Question 18

(Scenario III) Which statistic should the researchers use to analyze the data from Scenario III?

Accepted Answer

The one-factor repeated-measures ANOVA is appropriate when the same subjects are measured multiple times under different conditions, which is implied in Scenario III.

Question 19

(Scenario II) Which of the following may have been a confounding variable in the study described in Scenario II?

Accepted Answer

Familiarity with the faces could influence the participants' responses, introducing a variable not accounted for in the study's design.

Question 20

(Scenario I) The design described in Scenario I is best described as a _____ design.

Accepted Answer

The design in Scenario I is best described as a repeated-measures design because it involves measuring the same participants multiple times under different conditions or over time.

Quiz 10: Within-Subjects Design: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us