Question 1

Explain why corrective motivation is an improved construct over the TOTE unit as the basic motivational principle underlying plan-motivated behavior.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Goal disengagement is:
A)a future-focused desire to accomplish a desired end-state.
B)becoming passive in one's effort while still holding on to the dream that the goal represents.
C)if-then plan.
D)the reduction of effort and goal commitment.

Accepted Answer

Goal disengagement involves reducing one's effort and commitment towards achieving a particular goal, often in response to recognizing that the goal is unattainable or no longer desirable.

Question 3

Which of the following statements best reflects an effective implementation intention?
A)"If I focus clearly on my goal, I will be able to attain it."
B)"If I believe in my goal and rehearse it coming true, I will be able to attain it."
C)"When I create choices among my goals, I will have the flexibility to succeed."
D)"When I encounter situation X, I will perform behavior Y."

Accepted Answer

Effective implementation intentions are specific plans that spell out the when, where, and how of goal achievement, making statement D the best example as it clearly outlines a specific situation (X) and a specific behavior (Y) to be performed in response.

Question 4

A synonym for "implementation intention" is:
A)achievement motivation
B)goal
C)if-then plan
D)performance

Accepted Answer

Implementation intention refers to an "if-then plan" that individuals can use to specify how they will achieve their goals or handle specific situations, linking particular cues or situations with desired responses to facilitate goal attainment.

Question 5

Diagram a TOTE unit and describe how it models and explains plan-motivated behavior.

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

Implementation intentions are effective in goal-setting pursuits because they:
A)buffer performers against falling prey to volitional problems.
B)create energy and direction for behavior that plans and goals cannot generate.
C)promote performance-approach goals and minimize performance-avoidance goals.
D)reduce the debilitating aspects of performance-approach goals.

Accepted Answer

Implementation intentions help individuals plan how to deal with potential obstacles, thereby protecting them from volitional problems that can derail goal pursuit.

Question 7

Use the two terms present state and ideal state to outline how plans motivate behavior.

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

Outline the basic assumptions of the cognitive perspective on motivation by discussing how mental events can serve as a "spring to action" that energizes and directs action.

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

Discuss the difference between the two types of goal-performance discrepancies: discrepancy reduction and discrepancy creation.

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Question 10

Which of the following is a good example of an effective implementation intention?
A)"I will decide which goal I should pursue."
B)"If I can accomplish my goal, then I will be happy."
C)"If I see that the television is on, then I will ignore it."
D)"When I am feeling low (distressed), I will set a goal."

Accepted Answer

Option C is a good example of an effective implementation intention because it specifies a clear situational cue ("If I see that the television is on") and a concrete action to be taken in response ("then I will ignore it"). This specificity helps in automating the action in response to the cue, making it more likely that the intention will be carried out.

Question 11

People who write down when and where they will carry out their goal-striving behavior are more likely to actually attain their goals than people who set the same goal but do not write down how they will do it. The motivational construct that explains this effect is:
A)the attributional analysis.
B)the goal.
C)the implementation intention.
D)personal striving.

Accepted Answer

The implementation intention is a motivational construct that explains why people who write down when and where they will carry out their goal-striving behavior are more likely to actually attain their goals. It involves planning the specifics of goal-directed behaviors, which enhances the likelihood of goal achievement.

Question 12

As one strives to attain a goal, taking the time necessary to plan how, when, where, and for how long one will carry out goal-directed behavior:
A)is critical if one is to adopt a mastery goal and to avoid a performance-avoidance goal.
B)represents an integral part of the goal-acceptance process.
C)represents the power of positive thinking, as represented by the advice to "visualize success."
D)represents the setting of implementation intentions.

Accepted Answer

Setting implementation intentions involves planning the specifics of how, when, where, and for how long one will act to achieve a goal, which is distinct from adopting a mastery goal, the goal-acceptance process, or visualizing success.

Question 13

Empirical research on the relationship between goal-setting and intrinsic motivation suggests that ___is(are) the key variable that determines whether short-term or long-term goals increase intrinsic motivation.
A)goal commitment
B)goal difficulty
C)opportunities for challenge
D)the performer's initial level of interest in the activity

Accepted Answer

The performer's initial level of interest in the activity is crucial because it influences how goals affect intrinsic motivation. If someone is already interested, goals can enhance motivation, but if interest is low, goals might not have the same effect.

Question 14

Goal setting has its advantages, but it also has been criticized. Which of the following is not a valid criticism of goal-setting theory?
A)Goal setting can increase stress in performers.
B)Goal setting can put the performer's task-related intrinsic motivation at risk of declining.
C)Goal setting creates goal conflict when people pursue multiple goals at the same time.
D)Goal setting works best (enhances performance)on relatively uninteresting tasks.
E)Goal setting's effectiveness is limited to performance on complex tasks.

Accepted Answer

Goal setting is generally more effective for simple tasks rather than complex ones, so the statement that its effectiveness is limited to complex tasks is not a valid criticism.

Question 15

Which of the following goal disengagement strategies is the only one that typically leads to greater psychological well-being?
A)adopt a new, alternative goal
B)recruit greater social support in one's goal pursuit
C)set a more difficult goal
D)try harder

Accepted Answer

Adopting a new, alternative goal allows individuals to redirect their efforts and resources towards more attainable or rewarding objectives, which can lead to increased feelings of accomplishment and satisfaction, thereby enhancing psychological well-being.

Question 16

Many people with long-term goals, such as becoming a doctor, eventually abandon their long-term goal pursuit.The essential motivational problem with long-term goals is that they:
A)are incompatible with implementation intentions, which are crucial for goal attainment over a long period of time.
B)focus the performer on what to do rather than on when to do it.
C)ignore the importance of key factors of performance such as coaching and training.
D)provide insufficient opportunity for performance feedback and positive reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Long-term goals often lack regular feedback and reinforcement, making it difficult for individuals to gauge progress and stay motivated. This lack of immediate rewards and feedback can lead to a decrease in motivation over time, making it harder to maintain focus on the goal.

Question 17

_create a type of close-mindedness that narrows one's focus of attention to include goal-directed action but to exclude distractions and interruptions.
A)Attributions
B)Goals
C)Implementation intentions
D)Personal strivings

Accepted Answer

Implementation intentions help in creating a mental link between a situational cue and a goal-directed behavior, which can lead to a type of close-mindedness that narrows one's focus of attention to include goal-directed action but to exclude distractions and interruptions.

Question 18

All goal-setting programs begin with the question:
A)Do you have access to proper training, coaching, and resources?
B)What, when, where, and how long?
C)What do you want to accomplish?
D)What have you done successfully in the past?

Accepted Answer

Effective goal-setting programs start by identifying what the individual aims to achieve, making "What do you want to accomplish?" the foundational question. This helps in setting a clear direction for the goal-setting process.

Question 19

Imagine a person raking a yard full of leaves.The raker wants to remove all of these leaves by the end of the day.Explain how a plan motivates the worker's persistent effort.

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

Implementation intentions:
A)are part of an "if-then" plan that specifies in advance the goal-striving process.
B)generate a mixture between approach and avoidance motivation.
C)support self-theories of motivation.
D)work to generate motivation because they ensure that distractions won't occur.

Accepted Answer

Implementation intentions are indeed part of an "if-then" plan that specifies in advance how one will achieve their goals, making the goal-striving process more automatic and efficient.

Quiz 8: Goal Setting and Goal Striving

Explain why corrective motivation is an improved construct over the TOTE unit as the basic motivational principle underlying plan-motivated behavior.

Goal disengagement is:

Which of the following statements best reflects an effective implementation intention?

A synonym for "implementation intention" is:

Diagram a TOTE unit and describe how it models and explains plan-motivated behavior.

Implementation intentions are effective in goal-setting pursuits because they:

Use the two terms present state and ideal state to outline how plans motivate behavior.

Outline the basic assumptions of the cognitive perspective on motivation by discussing how mental events can serve as a "spring to action" that energizes and directs action.

Discuss the difference between the two types of goal-performance discrepancies: discrepancy reduction and discrepancy creation.

Which of the following is a good example of an effective implementation intention?

People who write down when and where they will carry out their goal-striving behavior are more likely to actually attain their goals than people who set the same goal but do not write down how they will do it. The motivational construct that explains this effect is:

As one strives to attain a goal, taking the time necessary to plan how, when, where, and for how long one will carry out goal-directed behavior:

Empirical research on the relationship between goal-setting and intrinsic motivation suggests that ___is(are) the key variable that determines whether short-term or long-term goals increase intrinsic motivation.

Goal setting has its advantages, but it also has been criticized. Which of the following is not a valid criticism of goal-setting theory?

Which of the following goal disengagement strategies is the only one that typically leads to greater psychological well-being?

Many people with long-term goals, such as becoming a doctor, eventually abandon their long-term goal pursuit.The essential motivational problem with long-term goals is that they:

_create a type of close-mindedness that narrows one's focus of attention to include goal-directed action but to exclude distractions and interruptions.

All goal-setting programs begin with the question:

Imagine a person raking a yard full of leaves.The raker wants to remove all of these leaves by the end of the day.Explain how a plan motivates the worker's persistent effort.

Implementation intentions: