Question 1

Whereas most people tend to be overconfident in the accuracy of their judgments, professionals who make predictions for a living such as military strategists and weather forecasters do not show a bias toward being overconfident.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that professionals, including military strategists and weather forecasters, can also exhibit overconfidence in their predictions, although the degree of overconfidence can vary depending on factors such as feedback and experience.

Question 2

Metamemory refers to a person's ability to judge whether or not they understand something.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Metamemory refers to a person's ability to...

Question 3

The first step in problem solving involves understanding the nature of the problem.

Accepted Answer

Understanding the nature of the problem is essential as it helps in identifying the root cause and determining the most effective approach to solve it.

Question 4

A heuristic is a procedure that always generates a correct answer.

Accepted Answer

A heuristic is a problem-solving approach that uses a practical method or various shortcuts to produce solutions that may not be optimal but are sufficient for reaching an immediate goal.

Question 5

A patient admitted to the hospital with a suspected stroke. The neurologist is performing testing and asks the patient what did you do today? The patient struggles to produce an answer and after 2 minutes of struggle says "went town". The neurologist determines that the patient has a stroke affecting the Wernicke area of the brain?

Accepted Answer

The patient's difficulty in producing speech suggests an issue with the Broca's area, which is responsible for speech production, rather than the Wernicke's area, which affects language comprehension.

Question 6

The fact that a child will generally have great difficulty learning a second language if he or she is first exposed to it after puberty is generally taken as evidence that language acquisition has a sensitive period.

Accepted Answer

This statement reflects the critical period hypothesis in language acquisition, suggesting there's a specific time frame during which language learning occurs most naturally and efficiently. After this period, typically identified as ending around puberty, acquiring a new language becomes significantly more challenging.

Question 7

Better and positive correlation of flexibility and higher self-esteem have been linked to bilingualism?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that bilingualism can lead to better cognitive flexibility and has been associated with higher self-esteem, as it enhances social skills and cultural awareness, contributing positively to an individual's self-perception and social interactions.

Question 8

Means-ends analysis is a commonly used type of algorithm. It involves making changes to reduce the differences between the present situation and a desired goal state.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Means-ends analysis is a commonly used type...

Question 9

When considering language, a psychologist would propose that language influences how we think?

Accepted Answer

This concept is known as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which suggests that the structure of a language affects its speakers' world view or cognition. Essentially, it posits that language influences thought and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories.

Question 10

There is fairly strong evidence that apes can communicate using symbols and hand signs and that these communications do convey meaning.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that apes, such as chimpanzees and bonobos, can learn to use symbols and hand signs to communicate with humans and each other, demonstrating the ability to convey specific meanings and intentions through these methods.

Question 11

Researchers use fMRI to demonstrate the differences between how males and females utilize their brain for structure and formulate language?

Accepted Answer

Researchers have used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to study the brain activity of males and females during language tasks, revealing differences in how each gender processes language, including variations in brain regions activated during these tasks.

Question 12

Research on the once-controversial linguistic relativity hypothesis has revealed that it does an effective job of explaining the link between language, thought, and perception and may actually have initially been understated.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on the once-controversial linguistic relativity hypothesis...

Question 13

Broca's area is a brain structure that is centrally involved in the comprehension of language.

Accepted Answer

Broca's area is primarily involved in language production, not comprehension.

Question 14

Studies have shown that, overall, students are able to make very accurate judgments of how well they understand material they have read.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that students often overestimate their understanding and retention of material they have read, showing a gap between perceived and actual comprehension.

Question 15

Noam Chomsky proposed that all humans are born with an innate biological mechanism that contains the grammatical rules common to all languages.

Accepted Answer

Noam Chomsky introduced the concept of the Universal Grammar, suggesting that the ability to acquire language is innate to humans and that the basic structures of all languages are embedded in the human brain.

Question 16

When processing language, males use both hemispheres of their brain more than females.

Accepted Answer

Females tend to use both hemispheres of their brain more than males when processing language, which is often attributed to the higher connectivity between the hemispheres in females.

Question 17

Inductive reasoning can never lead to a false conclusion if the premises are true.

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning, which involves making generalizations based on specific observations, can lead to false conclusions even if the premises are true, because it does not guarantee the truth of its conclusions in the way that deductive reasoning does.

Question 18

Our ability to communicate about past events and about objects in our environment is a concept of language displacement?

Accepted Answer

Displacement is a concept in linguistics that allows language users to talk about things and events that are not present in the immediate physical environment, including things that are in the past, future, or purely hypothetical.

Question 19

When considering language, a biologist would propose that there is a maturational sensitive period for acquiring normal language capabilities?

Accepted Answer

Biologists and linguists, such as Noam Chomsky, propose that there is a critical or sensitive period in early human development during which the brain is particularly receptive to acquiring language. If language exposure does not occur during this period, acquiring language later in life can be significantly more difficult and may not reach full native proficiency.

Question 20

When both languages have been well learned, bilingualism appears to be related to less flexible thinking and lower performance on nonverbal intelligence tests.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that bilingualism is often associated with cognitive benefits, including more flexible thinking and better performance on tasks requiring attention, problem-solving, and dealing with ambiguities, rather than impairing nonverbal intelligence.

Quiz 9: Language and Thinking