Question 1

The research area of cognitive neuroscience represents a combination of which two psychological perspectives?
A)Biological and behavioural
B)Behavioural and cognitive
C)Behavioural and cognitive behaviourism
D)Biological and cognitive

Accepted Answer

Cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary area of study that combines the biological sciences, which study the physical and biological processes in the brain, with cognitive psychology, which focuses on mental processes such as perception, memory, and reasoning.

Question 2

The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes all of the following causal factors EXCEPT
A)unconscious processes
B)early childhood experiences
C)unresolved conflicts
D)developmental stages

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective does emphasize unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, and unresolved conflicts as key factors in human behavior and personality development. However, while it does consider developmental stages, this is more a feature of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory, which, although influenced by psychoanalytic ideas, is not solely focused on the unconscious, conflicts, and early experiences in the same way traditional psychodynamic theories are.

Question 3

Sigmund Freud speculated that people are afraid to acknowledge their sexual desires because these desires are
A)punished during childhood
B)produced by innate aggressive impulses
C)uncontrollable and inherently frightening
D)unconsciously associated with instincts

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that during childhood, sexual desires are often met with punishment or disapproval, leading to fear or guilt associated with these desires. This is part of his theory on the development of the superego and the repression of desires.

Question 4

What common childhood factor was consistently reported by Sigmund Freud's patients?
A)They reported struggling academically in elementary school.
B)They reported painful and forgotten sexual experiences.
C)They reported suffering from childhood anxiety and depression.
D)They reported that their mothers had also suffered from hysteria.

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychosexual development posits that early childhood experiences, particularly those of a sexual nature, play a significant role in the development of adult personality and behavior. He believed that repressed sexual experiences from childhood were a common cause of psychological issues in adulthood.

Question 5

A particular research lab uses advanced electrical recording and brain-imagining tools to monitor brain functioning while people engage in various mental activities. Researchers in this lab are most likely doing investigations in which area of modern cognitive science?
A)Behaviour modification
B)Cognitive neuroscience
C)Cognitive behaviourism
D)Artificial intelligence

Accepted Answer

Cognitive neuroscience is the branch of neuroscience that studies the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes. The use of electrical recording and brain-imaging tools to monitor brain functioning during mental activities fits within the scope of cognitive neuroscience.

Question 6

Which technique did Sigmund Freud use to treat his patients?
A)Free association
B)Graded exposure
C)Introspection
D)Behaviour modification

Accepted Answer

Freud is best known for developing the technique of free association, which involves patients speaking freely about their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. This technique is a cornerstone of psychoanalytic therapy, aiming to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 7

Sigmund Freud believed in the importance of unconscious and childhood experience factors. He based his beliefs on all of the following observations EXCEPT
A)His patients consistently reported childhood memories of a sexual nature
B)His patients often improved after "reliving" previously forgotten memories of childhood sexual abuse
C)He noticed that individuals use defence mechanisms to help cope with anxiety
D)He noticed how people often engaged in habitual activities with little conscious awareness

Accepted Answer

Freud's theories were primarily focused on unconscious motivations and childhood experiences, particularly those of a sexual nature, and how they influence behavior. While he did explore defense mechanisms and the impact of childhood memories, the idea of habitual activities with little conscious awareness is more aligned with later psychological theories, such as those related to automaticity and habit formation, rather than Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

Question 8

When examining the many recent examples of violence in different cultures and around the world, a psychologist explains this is due to human beings' innate aggressive impulses. In order to reduce or eliminate this problem, this psychologist believes that we need to teach people techniques that will allow them to more effectively manage or redirect this aggressive energy. This psychologist most likely adheres to which psychological perspective?
A)Humanistic
B)Biological
C)Sociocultural
D)Psychodynamic

Accepted Answer

The psychologist's view aligns with the psychodynamic perspective, which emphasizes the role of internal drives and instincts, such as aggression, and the importance of managing these impulses. This perspective is associated with Freudian theory, which suggests that aggression is an innate impulse that needs to be redirected or sublimated into more acceptable forms of expression.

Question 9

A researcher is interested in whether or not gender or social status might influence the way an individual communicates with others. This researcher is taking which perspective to the study of psychology?
A)Behaviourism
B)Cognitive
C)Cognitive behaviourism
D)Sociocultural

Accepted Answer

The sociocultural perspective focuses on how society and culture influence behaviors, including communication styles, which directly relates to the researcher's interest in the impact of gender and social status on communication.

Question 10

Which psychological perspective stresses the role of unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts from the past?
A)Behavioural
B)Cognitive
C)Psychodynamic
D)Sociocultural

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts from the past, particularly those stemming from childhood, as influencing behavior and mental states. This perspective is closely associated with the theories of Sigmund Freud.

Question 11

Rules that specify what behaviour is acceptable and expected, such as how to dress or how to respond to someone of higher status, are known as
A)gestalts
B)norms
C)collectivism
D)standards

Accepted Answer

Norms are the rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members, including how to dress or how to respond to someone of higher status.

Question 12

Sigmund Freud assumed that humans are in a never-ending internal struggle because of
A)the conflicting reinforcement and punishment we receive from our environment
B)neurological imbalances that are inherent in the human mind
C)conflicts between various irrational thoughts that people think
D)the continuous conflict between internal impulses and defences

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that human behavior and personality development are the results of conflicts between our innate, biological impulses (such as the drive for life, Eros, and the drive for death, Thanatos) and the defenses erected by the ego to manage these impulses in socially acceptable ways. This internal struggle is a central concept in Freudian theory, emphasizing the tension between our primitive desires and the controls imposed by societal norms and personal conscience.

Question 13

Steve is angry and frustrated at work. He consults with a therapist who asks Steve many detailed questions about his early childhood and interprets Steve's problems as being due to conflicts between his unconscious aggressive urges and his defence mechanisms. Steve's therapist would most likely identify with which psychological perspective?
A)Behavioural
B)Cognitive
C)Psychodynamic
D)Sociocultural

Accepted Answer

The therapist's focus on unconscious aggressive urges and defense mechanisms aligns with the psychodynamic perspective, which emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and childhood experiences in shaping behavior.

Question 14

Sigmund Freud assumed that humans are in a never-ending internal struggle because of the continuous conflict between
A)people and their environments
B)internal impulses and defences
C)internal impulses and the environments
D)repression and defences

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory posits that humans experience internal conflict due to the tension between their innate impulses (such as those driven by the id) and the defenses their ego employs to manage these impulses.

Question 15

A major criticism of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis is that
A)it is difficult to validate because many of its concepts are difficult to measure
B)it did not distinguish between impulses and defences
C)it did little to stimulate the development of new psychological theories
D)it was not comprehensive enough to explain human behaviour

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis has been criticized for being difficult to validate empirically because many of its key concepts, such as the unconscious mind, Oedipus complex, and defense mechanisms, are inherently difficult to measure or observe directly. This has led to debates about the scientific validity of psychoanalysis.

Question 16

What level of analysis does the psychodynamic perspective usually take?
A)Biological
B)Psychological
C)Environmental
D)Sociocultural

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective primarily focuses on psychological factors, such as unconscious processes, conflicts, and childhood experiences, to explain human behavior and mental states.

Question 17

The psychological defence mechanism that protects people from anxiety by keeping anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, memories, and impulses in the unconscious is called
A)insight
B)rehearsal
C)hysteria
D)repression

Accepted Answer

Repression is a psychological defense mechanism where the mind unconsciously prevents anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, memories, and impulses from entering consciousness.

Question 18

Sigmund Freud based some of his psychoanalytic theory on his investigation of which psychological disorder?
A)Panic disorder
B)Phobias
C)Depression
D)Multiple personality disorder

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychoanalytic theory delved into the realm of phobias, among other aspects, as a way to understand and explain the workings of the unconscious mind. He used phobias as a key example to demonstrate how unconscious fears can manifest in conscious symptoms.

Question 19

The psychological perspective that focuses on the role of the external environment in influencing and affecting our actions is called the
A)humanistic perspective
B)cognitive perspective
C)psychodynamic perspective
D)behavioural perspective

Accepted Answer

The behavioural perspective emphasizes the role of the external environment in shaping and controlling human behavior through learning and conditioning, unlike other perspectives that focus on internal processes or motivations.

Question 20

Sharon is constantly talking, whether it is face-to-face, on the phone, or even to herself. Sharon is unaware of her excessive talking, which according to Freud's psychodynamic perspective means
A)she is unable to stop the excessive talking behaviour
B)the causes of her behaviour must be unconscious
C)the causes of her behaviour must be conscious
D)she has an uncontrollable urge to communicate

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychodynamic perspective, behaviors that individuals are unaware of are often driven by unconscious causes. Since Sharon is unaware of her excessive talking, it suggests that the reasons behind this behavior are not within her conscious awareness, thus must be unconscious.

Quiz 1: Psychology: the Science of Behaviour

The research area of cognitive neuroscience represents a combination of which two psychological perspectives?

The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes all of the following causal factors EXCEPT

Sigmund Freud speculated that people are afraid to acknowledge their sexual desires because these desires are

What common childhood factor was consistently reported by Sigmund Freud's patients?

A particular research lab uses advanced electrical recording and brain-imagining tools to monitor brain functioning while people engage in various mental activities. Researchers in this lab are most likely doing investigations in which area of modern cognitive science?

Which technique did Sigmund Freud use to treat his patients?

Sigmund Freud believed in the importance of unconscious and childhood experience factors. He based his beliefs on all of the following observations EXCEPT

A researcher is interested in whether or not gender or social status might influence the way an individual communicates with others. This researcher is taking which perspective to the study of psychology?

Which psychological perspective stresses the role of unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts from the past?

Rules that specify what behaviour is acceptable and expected, such as how to dress or how to respond to someone of higher status, are known as

Sigmund Freud assumed that humans are in a never-ending internal struggle because of

Sigmund Freud assumed that humans are in a never-ending internal struggle because of the continuous conflict between

A major criticism of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis is that

What level of analysis does the psychodynamic perspective usually take?

The psychological defence mechanism that protects people from anxiety by keeping anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, memories, and impulses in the unconscious is called

Sigmund Freud based some of his psychoanalytic theory on his investigation of which psychological disorder?

The psychological perspective that focuses on the role of the external environment in influencing and affecting our actions is called the

Sharon is constantly talking, whether it is face-to-face, on the phone, or even to herself. Sharon is unaware of her excessive talking, which according to Freud's psychodynamic perspective means