Question 1

What is punishment? Describe two potential drawbacks with the use of punishment. Describe two things that should be done anytime punishment is used to change behavior.

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Question 2

Using examples, define and differentiate between learning and maturation. Explain how these two concepts fit within the nature-nurture debate.

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Question 3

What is operant conditioning and how does it relate to the law of effect? Compare and contrast Thorndike's puzzle boxes with Skinner boxes.

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Question 4

Compare and contrast negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement. Give examples of each to illustrate. Is negative reinforcement the same as positive punishment? Explain why or why not.

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Question 5

Suppose you want to teach your dog to ring a bell when it needs to be let outside to go to the bathroom. Describe the steps you would go through to operantly condition this behavior. What is this process called?

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Question 6

Garcia's experiments showed that rats would develop a taste aversion when they got sick after tasting sugar water but not if they received an electric shock to their feet after tasting sugar water. Explain how this demonstrates biological preparedness.

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Question 7

Differentiate between partial and continuous reinforcement. Provide an example of each. How does each type impact acquisition and extinction?

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Question 8

Explain Watson's Little Albert study. Identify the (1) neutral stimulus, (2) unconditioned stimulus, (3) unconditioned response, (4) conditioned stimulus, and (5) conditioned response, as well as (6) an example of what the conditioned response generalized to. Name one ethical failure of this study.

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Question 9

Describe the main findings of Bandura's Bobo doll studies with children and the main type of learning these studies illustrated. Also explain how vicarious learning and latent learning took place in the follow-up studies.

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Question 10

Sara is irrationally afraid of spiders and shrieks when she sees one. What might this fear be diagnosed as, and why? Give an example of a situation in which this response might produce generalization and another situation where it may produce discrimination. Be sure to define the concepts of generalization and discrimination in your answer.

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Question 11

Explain Pavlov's classic research that demonstrated classical conditioning. Be sure to identify and define the (1) neutral stimulus, (2) unconditioned stimulus, (3) unconditioned response, (4) conditioned stimulus, and (5) conditioned response.

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Question 12

Differentiate between ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement and what it means for a schedule to be fixed or variable. Provide an example of each of the four main types of partial reinforcement schedules.

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Question 13

Detail how a researcher can experimentally induce learned helplessness in dogs by using a shuttle box.

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Question 14

Explain how attention, memory, imitation, and motivation are essential for observational learning. Use an example to illustrate each of these four concepts.

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Question 15

Give two examples of how diversity affects reinforcement; be sure that one example compares and contrasts people from individualistic versus collectivistic cultures.

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Question 16

Describe the difference between a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer. Provide an example of each type of reinforcer.

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Quiz 6: Learning