Question 1

During which attachment phase does an infant show intense dependence on the primary caregiver?

Accepted Answer

During the clear-cut-attachment phase, infants show intense dependence on their primary caregiver, often becoming distressed when the caregiver is absent and showing joy when the caregiver returns. This phase typically begins around 6-8 months of age.

Question 2

An infant appears stunned and puzzled by her mother's departure. Which type of attachment is this infant demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

The answer of An infant appears stunned and puzzled by...

Question 3

At what age does the clear-cut-attachment stage of attachment occur?

Accepted Answer

The clear-cut-attachment stage of attachment typically occurs around age 6-7 months, when infants begin to show strong preferences for their primary caregivers.

Question 4

An infant fusses mildly when his mother leaves and seeks reassurance from her when she returns. What type of attachment is this infant demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

This behavior is indicative of secure attachment, where the infant shows some distress when the caregiver leaves but is easily comforted upon their return, demonstrating trust and a strong bond with the caregiver.

Question 5

Which statement best reflects a cognitive view of attachment?

Accepted Answer

Object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed, is a fundamental cognitive skill that develops in infancy. This understanding is crucial for the development of specific attachments, as it allows the infant to recognize that their caregiver continues to exist even when not in direct view, forming a basis for a stable attachment.

Question 6

Justin is a securely attached infant. His father wonders whether Justin will be well-adjusted as an adolescent. Which of the following is a child developmental specialist likely to tell Justin's father?

Accepted Answer

Secure attachment in infancy is a positive indicator for future development, but it does not guarantee outcomes. Other events in childhood can significantly influence adolescent adjustment.

Question 7

Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved physical abuse?

Accepted Answer

Physical abuse accounts for approximately 20% of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada.

Question 8

What is the change in the number of reported incidents of child abuse between the first Canadian Incidence Study (CIS) of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect and the most recent CIS?

Accepted Answer

The number of reported incidents of child abuse in Canada has increased between the first Canadian Incidence Study (CIS) of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect and the most recent CIS. This increase is often attributed to heightened public awareness and more robust reporting mechanisms, rather than a definitive rise in abuse cases. Public awareness campaigns have made people more vigilant and willing to report suspected abuse, contributing to the higher numbers observed.

Question 9

What has research found regarding the ability of insecurely attached children to become securely attached?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that with appropriate interventions, support, and changes in their environment, insecurely attached children can become securely attached. This process involves addressing the child's needs consistently and providing a stable, supportive environment.

Question 10

Alicia is a child who is willing to investigate her environment, and she shows upbeat emotions toward things that she does NOT know. What type of attachment is Alicia most likely to have?

Accepted Answer

Alicia's willingness to explore her environment and her positive emotions towards unfamiliar things suggest she feels safe and supported, characteristics of secure attachment. Securely attached children are comfortable with exploration and are confident that their attachment figures will be available and supportive when needed.

Question 11

What infant response or reaction does the strange-situation method assess?

Accepted Answer

The strange-situation method is designed to assess an infant's response to separations and reunions with the mother, specifically observing the infant's behavior when the mother leaves and then returns to the room.

Question 12

What is the primary focus of autism treatment programs?

Accepted Answer

The primary focus of autism treatment programs is on utilizing principles of learning to help improve communication, social skills, and behavior in individuals with autism. Techniques such as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) are commonly used.

Question 13

According to Bowlby, at what age is a child most likely to develop clear-cut attachments?

Accepted Answer

According to Bowlby, clear-cut attachments typically start to develop at around 6 to 7 months of age. This is when infants begin to show strong preferences for certain people, often their primary caregivers, and may show distress when separated from them.

Question 14

Which statement reflects findings that researchers agree upon regarding infant emotion?

Accepted Answer

Researchers agree that cognitive and emotional development are linked, as emotions play a crucial role in cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and learning.

Question 15

Which method did Ainsworth use to study attachment?

Accepted Answer

The Strange Situation is a research method developed by Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s to observe attachment relationships between a caregiver and children. It involves observing children's reactions to being left alone with a stranger and then being reunited with the caregiver.

Question 16

Which of the following is most likely to cause autism?

Accepted Answer

Autism is primarily understood to be a neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic basis, making biological issues the most likely cause among the options provided.

Question 17

What is considered the best treatment for autism?

Accepted Answer

Behaviour modification to enhance children's interactions with others is considered the best approach for treating autism. It focuses on improving social, communication, and learning skills through reinforcement strategies.

Question 18

What is the most common form of temperament, as found in studies by Chess and Thomas (1989, 1991)?

Accepted Answer

Chess and Thomas's research identified the "easy temperament" as the most common form of temperament among children. This temperament is characterized by regularity, adaptability, and a generally positive mood.

Question 19

Which of the following is a learning theory explanation of attachment?

Accepted Answer

Attachment as a learning theory explanation emphasizes that attachment develops through conditioning processes, where the caregiver provides care and reinforcement, leading to the child forming an attachment. This perspective views attachment as a learned behavior rather than an innate biological instinct.

Question 20

Which statement best explains the nature of attachment in humans?

Accepted Answer

Attachment in humans is a complex process that can be influenced by various factors, including early interactions, caregiver responsiveness, and environmental conditions. While early attachment is crucial, it is not fixed; bonds can indeed be formed or reformed later in life, reflecting the adaptability and resilience of human connections. This understanding is supported by research in developmental psychology, which shows that while early experiences are important, attachment patterns can change with new experiences and interventions.

Quiz 6: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development