Question 1

You want your children to grow into healthy adults. Which of the following practices will facilitate that

Accepted Answer

All the options listed contribute to fostering healthy habits in children. Changing bad health habits early can prevent them from becoming ingrained, modeling healthy behavior yourself provides a practical example for children to follow, and expressing the importance of good health can motivate children to adopt healthy habits.

Question 2

Cassie, a habitual smoker, lights up a cigarette after eating dinner. When the phone rings in the other room, she answers it and lights up another cigarette from the pack by the phone. She is surprised later that she didn't realize she had two cigarettes going at once. It appears her smoking behaviours are governed by the _____ of her behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Cassie's smoking behavior seems to be triggered by specific situations or cues (such as finishing a meal or answering the phone), which are antecedents. Antecedents are events or environments that trigger a behavior.

Question 3

Manuel has just experienced a severe health scare regarding his heart. According to Weinstein, Manuel is likely to

Accepted Answer

According to Weinstein, after a severe health scare, individuals like Manuel are likely to show unrealistic pessimism about their future health, as they may become overly concerned about their health risks.

Question 4

Lena's parents strongly disapprove of her smoking habit. Which component of the theory of planned behaviour is reflected in this variable

Accepted Answer

Subjective norms refer to the perceived social pressure to perform or not perform a particular behavior. Lena's parents' disapproval reflects the social pressure or influence from significant others regarding her smoking habit, aligning with the concept of subjective norms in the theory of planned behavior.

Question 5

The primary outcome variable being explained/predicted in the Health Belief Model is

Accepted Answer

The Health Belief Model primarily explains or predicts health-related behaviors by focusing on individuals' perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem (perceived susceptibility and severity), the benefits of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the decision to act (perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy). None of the options listed directly represent the primary outcome variable in the Health Belief Model.

Question 6

Results from a study of hypertensive patients' perceptions of symptoms found that these patients

Accepted Answer

Patients with hypertension are generally poor at estimating their own blood pressure levels, often because high blood pressure frequently does not cause noticeable symptoms.

Question 7

One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is

Accepted Answer

The health belief model has been criticized for the lack of a standard way to measure its components, making it difficult to test and apply consistently across different studies and interventions.

Question 8

Applying the health belief model, women who do regular breast self examinations likely

Accepted Answer

The health belief model suggests that individuals who engage in health-promoting behaviors, such as regular breast self-examinations (BSEs), likely do so because they believe they are susceptible to the condition (in this case, breast cancer), believe that the condition would have serious effects on their life, and believe that the benefits of taking the preventive action (doing BSEs) outweigh the costs or barriers associated with it.

Question 9

Wendy says she smokes because it makes her less nervous. Her smoking behaviour is being maintained through

Accepted Answer

Wendy's smoking behavior is being maintained through negative reinforcement because the act of smoking removes or reduces her feelings of nervousness, which is an unpleasant state. This relief from nervousness reinforces the smoking behavior, encouraging it to continue.

Question 10

Which of the following represents an effort to move a person from one stage of change to another

Accepted Answer

Matching the change strategy to the stage they are in is an effort to move a person from one stage of change to another, as it involves tailoring interventions to their current readiness to change.

Question 11

Jason says he would like to exercise more but simply doesn't have the money to pay for a gym membership. His behavioural intention is being most affected by

Accepted Answer

Jason's statement indicates that his intention to exercise more is primarily hindered by perceived barriers related to financial resources, which falls under the category of low personal control. This suggests that he feels unable to engage in the desired behavior due to external constraints, rather than a lack of personal motivation or influence from others.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between heredity and health behaviours

Accepted Answer

Heredity can influence health-related behaviours through genetic predispositions to certain traits or conditions that may affect an individual's choices or habits related to health. For example, genetic predispositions can influence behaviors like eating habits, propensity for addiction, and even exercise preferences, among others.

Question 13

The theory of planned behaviour is based on the fundamental notion that

Accepted Answer

The theory of planned behaviour posits that people's behavioural intentions, which are influenced by their attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control (including expectations of success), are the best predictors of their actual behaviour. Thus, all the options provided are components of this theory.

Question 14

Which of the following statements regarding research on the health belief model is true

Accepted Answer

Research on the health belief model supports its major theoretical components, indicating its effectiveness in understanding and predicting health-related behaviors.

Question 15

Sam's parents punish him when he doesn't wear his bike helmet while riding his bike. What best predicts if this punishment will affect Sam's future helmet-wearing behaviour

Accepted Answer

The effectiveness of punishment in changing behavior is significantly influenced by the individual's expectation that the punishment will be consistently applied for the undesired behavior. If Sam expects that not wearing his helmet will consistently result in punishment, he is more likely to change his behavior to avoid that outcome.

Question 16

Observing a model is most likely to affect our behaviour when the model is

Accepted Answer

Observing a model is most likely to affect our behavior when the model is a high status person or a person similar to us, as we tend to emulate those we admire or can relate to.

Question 17

According to the Transtheoretical Model of change, when a person is almost ready to instigate change, and spends time thinking about how to implement a new behaviour, s/he is in the
____________ stage.

Accepted Answer

In the Transtheoretical Model of change, the contemplation stage is when a person is considering making a change and spends time thinking about how to implement this new behavior, but hasn't yet started the change. This stage involves recognizing a problem and considering the need for change.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a factor in people's perceived threat of illness or injury

Accepted Answer

Unrealistic optimism is not a factor in people's perceived threat of illness or injury; instead, it can lead individuals to underestimate their risk, affecting their perception of susceptibility and seriousness negatively.

Question 19

Weinstein's research on beliefs about individuals' future health found that people tend to

Accepted Answer

Weinstein's research indicates that people generally exhibit optimism bias regarding their future health, meaning they tend to believe that they are less likely to experience negative health outcomes compared to others.

Question 20

According to the stages of change model, people go through five stages of intentional behaviour change in the following order:

Accepted Answer

The stages of change model, also known as the Transtheoretical Model, describes five stages through which individuals progress when intentionally changing behavior: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. This sequence reflects the process of becoming aware of and actively working to change a behavior, then sustaining that change over time.

Quiz 6: Health-Related Beahviour and Health Promotion