Question 1

Which type of memory is exemplified in eyewitness testimony?

Accepted Answer

Event memory is exemplified in eyewitness testimony because it involves recalling specific events or experiences that have occurred, which is what eyewitnesses are asked to do.

Question 2

Ms.Luder is trying to determine what her students know about memory and memory processes.All the students in her class understand that memory strategies can help people to remember things more easily, and most of them recognize that organization is a more effective strategy than rehearsal.Based on this information, what age are the students in Ms.Luder's class?

Accepted Answer

By the age of 11, children have developed a more sophisticated understanding of memory strategies. They recognize that organizing information is more effective than simple rehearsal, indicating a more advanced cognitive development typical of this age group.

Question 3

Which strategy are children using for addition when they start with the larger of the two numbers to be added, and then count up from that number?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which strategy are children using for addition...

Question 4

What does research on the ability to recall early childhood events indicate about most adults' memories?

Accepted Answer

Most adults do not recall events from before age 3, a phenomenon often attributed to the immature state of the brain's memory systems at that age, leading to memories being stored in a nonverbal format that is difficult to access later in life.

Question 5

According to information-processing theory, why should students minimize solving problems "in their head"?

Accepted Answer

Solving complex problems "in their head" can overload the short-term memory, which has a limited capacity. This can hinder the ability to process and retain information effectively.

Question 6

What is the term for memories of events that we have personally experienced?

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory refers to the memory system that stores information about ourselves and our personal experiences throughout our lives. This includes memories of events that we have personally experienced.

Question 7

Why does the memory strategy of elaboration emerge fairly late in development?

Accepted Answer

Elaboration as a memory strategy requires a substantial knowledge base to generate connections or associations between new information and what is already known. Young children are still in the process of building this foundational knowledge, which makes the use of elaboration less accessible or effective for them compared to older children or adults.

Question 8

Five-year-old Boris tells his teacher, "I can't figure out how to memorize the names of the zoo animals; can you help me?" What type of learning deficiency is Boris exhibiting?

Accepted Answer

Boris is showing a production deficiency, which refers to a difficulty in using or applying a strategy he knows, in this case, memorizing names, even though he may understand the concept or task.

Question 9

Which statement best summarizes research findings regarding the persistence of false memories that are created during studies that assess children's eyewitness memory?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that false memories created during studies can often persist and may be as resistant to forgetting, or even more so, than true memories. This highlights the durability and potential impact of false memories, especially in the context of eyewitness testimony from children.

Question 10

Which statement best summarizes the research findings regarding the arithmetic skills of children who have not received formal schooling?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement best summarizes the research findings...

Question 11

Which characteristic most clearly distinguishes human information processors from computers?

Accepted Answer

Computers operate based on predefined programs and lack the ability to make voluntary decisions or control processes in the way humans can through conscious thought and decision-making. This executive control, encompassing planning, decision-making, error correction, and regulation of thought processes, is a distinctive feature of human cognition not present in computers.

Question 12

Jasmine is studying French, and when her teacher writes the French word for rabbit on the board, Jasmine thinks of a soft bunny sitting in her lap.On the exam when she sees the word lapin, she instantly recalls the visual image and correctly defines the word.Which mnemonic device did Jasmin use to generate the correct answer?

Accepted Answer

Jasmine used elaboration, a mnemonic device where she created a vivid mental image (a soft bunny sitting in her lap) associated with the word "lapin" to help her remember its meaning. This technique involves adding meaningful information to make the memory more memorable.

Question 13

According to the research by Robert Kail, increases in which aspect of information-processing accounts for improved memory with increasing age?

Accepted Answer

Robert Kail's research suggests that the speed and efficiency of processing information improve with age, which accounts for improved memory performance.

Question 14

Your psychology professor asks you for the name of the individual who identified three different levels of moral development.To answer this question correctly, what type of memory will you need to use?

Accepted Answer

Strategic memory involves using strategies to retrieve specific information, such as recalling the name of a person associated with a particular concept.

Question 15

Wayne and Sally are telling their friends about the interesting things they did during their recent trip to Banff National Park.What type of memory are Wayne and Sally using to communicate the events of their trip?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is used to recall specific events or episodes from one's life, which is what Wayne and Sally are doing by sharing their experiences from their trip to Banff National Park.

Question 16

Which statement best summarizes Siegler's model of developmental changes in strategy use?

Accepted Answer

Siegler's model of developmental changes in strategy use is characterized by the idea of overlapping waves, where multiple strategies coexist and are used by children at the same time, rather than being strictly sequential or discrete.

Question 17

Ornstein and associates have shown that a 7-year-old will rehearse as effectively as a 12-year-old as long as the items the child must remember remain in sight.What do these results imply about the source of the inefficient rehearsal that 7-year-olds normally display?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ornstein and associates have shown that a...

Question 18

When preschoolers are given tests of memory recall, how do they typically perform?

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers typically perform better with cued recall than with free recall because cues help them retrieve information more effectively. Cued recall provides specific prompts that guide the children in remembering, making it easier for them to access the memories.

Question 19

Zachary is learning to do addition.His method is to identify the larger number and then count upward from that number.Which method of addition is Zachary using?

Accepted Answer

Zachary's method of identifying the larger number and counting upward from it is known as the "min" method, where he starts with the larger number and adds the smaller number to it.

Question 20

Dylan is a 10-year-old boy who loves sharks and has a great deal of knowledge on the topic.His uncle Gerry knows nothing about sharks.Pictures of sharks are shown to them at a rate of one per second.After a delay, they are shown a set of pictures that contain both new items and old items.If Dylan performs better than Gerry on the recall task, what is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Dylan's superior performance is most likely due to his extensive knowledge about sharks, which allows him to identify and categorize the items more quickly and accurately. This expertise facilitates faster recognition and recall, demonstrating the impact of a well-developed knowledge base on memory tasks.

Quiz 9: Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives and Connectionism