Question 1

Suppose that you studied very hard for a test and you score 100 percent.However, a few days later you are unable to answer questions about the same material.Which statement best accounts for this phenomenon, according to Domjan's criteria for learning?

Accepted Answer

Learning, according to Domjan's criteria, is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. If you are unable to answer questions about the material a few days later, it suggests that the change in behavior (being able to answer the questions correctly) was only temporary and not a result of true learning.

Question 2

Which statement best summarizes the results of Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research regarding infant memory?

Accepted Answer

Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research demonstrated that infants have memories that can last for a significant period, challenging previous beliefs based on habituation techniques that suggested infants had very short memory spans.

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding infant facial recognition is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Infants only a few hours old have been shown to prefer their mother's face over that of a female stranger, indicating early facial recognition abilities.

Question 4

Which of the following statements best characterizes how Gibson viewed a child's learning of distinctive features?

Accepted Answer

Gibson believed in the idea of direct perception, suggesting that learning, including the learning of distinctive features by children, is an intrinsically motivated process. This means that children naturally engage with and learn from their environment without needing explicit teaching or external reinforcement.

Question 5

Jai is a developmentalist who believes in tenets of the differentiation theory of perceptual development.According to this perspective, which statement would Jai most likely support?

Accepted Answer

DDifferentiation theory suggests that perception starts from the global and undifferentiated and becomes more differentiated and refined over time. Thus, Jai would support the idea that young children's primary task is to learn to detect distinctive features (C) and that perception serves to organize fragmented or confusing sensory stimulation into meaningful experiences (D).

Question 6

Are losing a privilege or having to spend "time out" effective punishment techniques?

Accepted Answer

Losing a privilege or having to spend "time out" are considered effective because they avoid the negative side effects associated with more aversive consequences, such as physical punishment, and are based on principles of behavior modification.

Question 7

Based upon the research of Kellman and Arteberry (2007), under what circumstances do 4-month-old infants infer "wholeness" of a partially hidden object?

Accepted Answer

Kellman and Arteberry's research found that 4-month-old infants infer the wholeness of a partially hidden object when it is moving. This is because motion provides important cues that help infants perceive the continuity of objects, even when parts of those objects are not visible.

Question 8

At approximately what month of age is the visual acuity of an infant almost as well developed as that of an adult?

Accepted Answer

The answer of At approximately what month of age is...

Question 9

During what age range is otitis media most likely to strike?

Accepted Answer

Otitis media is most common in children between 6 months and 3 years of age due to the anatomical and immunological characteristics of young children, making them more susceptible to infections.

Question 10

What is the most frequently diagnosed disease among infants and preschoolers?

Accepted Answer

Otitis media, or middle ear infection, is the most frequently diagnosed disease among infants and preschoolers. It is more common than mumps, measles, or chickenpox in this age group, largely due to the anatomical and immunological characteristics of young children.

Question 11

Which statement best characterizes the results of experiments that have used the visual cliff apparatus with infants who are 6 1/2 months old?

Accepted Answer

The visual cliff experiment demonstrates that most infants will cross the shallow side, indicating they can perceive depth and are cautious of the deep side, showing an innate or early-developing ability to perceive depth and avoid potential dangers.

Question 12

Lionel is 4 months old.According to research findings regarding infant perception of language sounds, which of the following statements best describes what Lionel can detect?

Accepted Answer

At 4 months old, infants are actually better than adults at distinguishing differences between phonemes, even those not present in the language(s) they are being raised in. This ability typically declines as they age and become more specialized in their native language(s).

Question 13

Which statement best characterizes the effects of punishment on a child's behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Punishment can suppress undesirable behavior temporarily, but it does not necessarily lead to long-term behavioral change or teach appropriate behavior. Reinforcement is generally more effective for creating lasting changes.

Question 14

What developmental outcome is correlated with infants who habituate rapidly in the first 6 to 8 months of life?

Accepted Answer

Rapid habituation in infants during the first 6 to 8 months is correlated with quicker understanding and use of language during the second year. This is because habituation reflects the efficiency of an infant's information processing, which is a foundational cognitive skill that supports later language development.

Question 15

What would be the best slogan for Gibson's differentiation theory of perceptual learning?

Accepted Answer

Gibson's differentiation theory of perceptual learning emphasizes the importance of noticing and distinguishing the fine details in the environment to improve perception and learning. This theory suggests that learning to perceive differences more acutely can enhance one's ability to understand and interact with the world.

Question 16

Newborn infants have been shown to imitate simple behaviours.What is the earliest age at which this has been observed?

Accepted Answer

Newborn infants have been observed to imitate simple behaviors such as sticking out their tongue or opening their mouth within the first week of life, indicating an innate capacity for mimicry.

Question 17

In what way are the evoked potential method and the habituation method similar?

Accepted Answer

Both methods are used to determine if an infant can detect differences in stimuli, as they measure the infant's response to changes in the environment.

Question 18

Maja has been abused constantly by her stepsisters, and she runs away from home to escape the abuse.Maja's running away exemplifies which principle of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Maja's running away to escape abuse is an example of negative reinforcement. In negative reinforcement, a behavior is strengthened because it removes or diminishes a negative outcome or aversive stimulus, in this case, the abuse from her stepsisters.

Question 19

Which of the following best illustrates negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. In this case, the child is not grounded or scolded when he disobeys his curfew, which is an unpleasant stimulus. This increases the likelihood that the child will disobey his curfew again in the future.

Question 20

Suppose an infant has learned to wave his or her arm to activate a video display.A few weeks later the infant does not respond an arm wave when exposed to the display until the display is briefly illuminated.What would such an observation imply with respect to the infant's learning and memory processes?

Accepted Answer

The infant had learned the arm-wave response and stored it in memory but needed the display's brief illumination as a cue to retrieve the memory of how to activate the video, indicating a retrieval issue rather than a failure to learn or store the memory.

Quiz 7: Early Cognitive Foundations: Sensation, Perception, and Learning