Question 1

The sensory registers are limited to visual and auditory input.

Accepted Answer

The sensory registers include not only visual (iconic memory) and auditory (echoic memory) input but also inputs from other senses such as touch, taste, and smell.

Question 2

Of the three memory models discussed in the text (Atkinson and Shiffrin; Baddeley and Hitch; and Baddeley) which do you prefer? Why?

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

Define subvocalizing. Do you find that it helps you remember what you read? Do you think that you remember what you read as well when you try to suppress subvocalization?

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

Limited capacity and rapid forgetting are two major distinguishing characteristics of short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is characterized by its limited capacity, typically able to hold about 7±2 items, and its rapid forgetting, often occurring within seconds without rehearsal.

Question 5

Short-term memory is searched in a self-terminating manner.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is typically searched in an exhaustive manner, meaning all items are checked before a decision is made, rather than stopping once the target is found.

Question 6

If you are affected by retroactive interference, you should study in the evening in order to minimize its impact.

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference is the phenomenon where new information interferes with the recall of previously learned information. Studying in the evening can help minimize this effect because the new information will have more time to be consolidated in memory before it is interfered with by new information learned the next day.

Question 7

There were three diagrammatic models of memory presented in your text: Atkinson and Shiffrin; Baddeley and Hitch; and Baddeley. Draw and label each of these models.

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

Information flows from short-term memory into long-term memory and long-term into short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Information can flow in both directions; from short-term memory to long-term memory through processes like consolidation, and from long-term memory to short-term memory when we retrieve memories to consciously think about them or use them.

Question 9

The split-attention effect is one example of cognitive load theory to instruction.

Accepted Answer

The split-attention effect, which occurs when learners have to divide their attention between multiple sources of information that could have been presented as a single, integrated source, is indeed an example of cognitive load theory applied to instructional design.

Question 10

Attention is not a part of traditional models of short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Traditional models of short-term memory, such as the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, primarily focus on the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval of information, without explicitly incorporating the concept of attention as a component of short-term memory. Attention is more often discussed in the context of information processing and working memory models.

Question 11

Define retroactive and proactive interference effects. Now think about your own study strategies. Would you say that you are more prone to retroactive or proactive interference effects? How could you improve your study habits to accommodate interference effects?

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

The visual-spatial sketchpad is a component of sensory memory.

Accepted Answer

The visual-spatial sketchpad is a component of working memory, not sensory memory, and is involved in the temporary storage and manipulation of visual and spatial information.

Question 13

How is short-term memory searched? What evidence is there for this?

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

Discuss the limitations of short-term memory. What studies have demonstrated these limitations?

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

Results of research on rates of forgetting in short-term memory indicate that we can hold information indefinitely without effort.

Accepted Answer

Research on short-term memory indicates that without rehearsal or active maintenance, information is quickly forgotten, typically within 20 to 30 seconds.

Question 16

What are the distinctions between the three models of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin; Baddeley and Hitch; and Baddeley)?

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Question 17

What is the significance of chunking in memory? How can you use chunking to enhance your memory? Apply the concept of chunking to your life: Give at least one example related to studying and one example related to social activities.

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Question 18

Explain Baddeley's working memory model. What is the key difference between Baddeley's model compared with other memory models?

Accepted Answer

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Question 19

Explain the differences between interference theory and decay theory. What has research shown about which one is the main cause of forgetting?

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 4: Short-Term Working Memory