Question 1

If a defendant is released on bail and fails to appear for his or her hearing, a court date, referred to as a recognizance hearing, is held to determine possible sanctions, which include forfeiture of bail money, property, and additional criminal sanctions.

Accepted Answer

When a defendant fails to appear for their court date after being released on bail, it is not referred to as a recognizance hearing. Instead, the court may issue a bench warrant for their arrest, and the bail posted can be forfeited. A recognizance hearing is not the term used for this process.

Question 2

According to the text, recent research in the subarea of criminology involving terrorism found that mental illness is the primary cause in explaining why young people become terrorists.

Accepted Answer

The text does not state that mental illness is the primary cause in explaining why young people become terrorists.

Question 3

"Let the punishment fit the crime" refers to which criminological school of thought?​

Accepted Answer

"Let the punishment fit the crime" is a key tenet of classical criminology, which emphasizes the importance of proportionality between the severity of the crime and the punishment imposed. This approach contrasts with positivist criminology, which focuses on the individual characteristics of offenders and seeks to tailor rehabilitation and treatment programs to their specific needs. Developmental criminology examines the ways in which individual and environmental factors interact over the course of an individual's life to increase or decrease their risk of engaging in criminal behavior, while sociological criminology investigates how social structures and institutions contribute to crime and deviance.

Question 4

A deviant act becomes a crime when it is defined, _____.

Accepted Answer

A deviant act becomes a crime when it is defined as prohibited and punishable under criminal law. Criminal laws are created by governments to prohibit certain actions or behaviors deemed harmful to society and establish penalties for those who violate them. Civil law deals with disputes between individuals and does not involve criminal acts. Common law and procedural law are legal systems that govern how laws are enforced, but they do not determine what is considered a crime. Stigmatization may influence public perception of deviant behavior, but it is not a determining factor in whether or not it is considered a crime.

Question 5

Nolle prosequi refers to the notion of "no prosecution," or cases in which the state has so much evidence against the defendant that a trial is not needed in order to convict the accused.

Accepted Answer

Nolle prosequi actually refers to the decision by a prosecutor to drop charges against a defendant, often due to lack of evidence or a plea deal being reached. It does not indicate a situation where there is overwhelming evidence against the defendant.

Question 6

Criminologists interested in computing criminal statistics focus on creating ________ measurements of criminal behavior.​

Accepted Answer

Valid and reliable measurements are essential in accurately representing criminal behavior. Validity ensures that the measurement is actually measuring what it was intended to measure, while reliability ensures that the results are consistent over time and across different observers or instruments.

Question 7

The man who was considered the "father of criminology" and who referred to offenders as "born criminals" was​

Accepted Answer

Cesare Lombroso was the man who was considered the "father of criminology" and who referred to offenders as "born criminals". He believed that criminal behavior was inherited and that certain physical traits could identify criminals. This theory is now discredited, but Lombroso's work had a significant impact on the development of criminology as a field of study.

Question 8

According to the biological/psychological perspective, which type of forces account for crime?​

Accepted Answer

The biological/psychological perspective posits that internal forces, such as genetics, brain structure and chemical imbalances, and personality traits, account for crime. Political, ecological, and situational forces are not typically within the purview of this perspective.

Question 9

Gathering valid crime data, devising new research methods, and measuring crime patterns and trends fall under the ______ subarea of the criminological enterprise.

Accepted Answer

Gathering valid crime data, devising new research methods, and measuring crime patterns and trends all pertain to the subarea of criminal statistics/crime measurement within the criminological enterprise. Victimology focuses on the study of crime victims, penology/sentencing/corrections pertains to the study of punishment and rehabilitation of offenders, and theory construction involves the development and testing of criminological theories.

Question 10

Marvin Wolfgang's 1958 study Patterns in Criminal Homicide is an example of which subarea of the criminological enterprise?​

Accepted Answer

Marvin Wolfgang's study falls under the subarea of understanding and describing criminal behavior, as it analyzes patterns and characteristics of individuals who commit homicide.

Question 11

An evaluation of the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) program, which classifies people on probation, among other things, has been found to cut recidivism rates for high-risk offenders by as much as 20 percent.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately reflects the findings of the evaluation of the Risk-Need-Responsivity program.

Question 12

To be truly ethical, criminological research must have social value to research participants rather than simply doing no harm.

Accepted Answer

Simply doing no harm is not enough for research to be considered ethical. It must also have social value to the participants, meaning it benefits them or society in some way.

Question 13

Individuals interact with various people, organizations, institutions, and social norms as they mature and develop. This process is referred to as ______.

Accepted Answer

Socialization refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of their society or culture. It involves interactions with various agents of socialization, such as family, peers, schools, and the media, and is a lifelong process that continues throughout an individual's life. Integration and assimilation can be part of the socialization process but do not encompass the full range of experiences and interactions involved. Civilization is a broader concept that refers to the development of human societies and cultures over time.

Question 14

The ______ was a group of urban sociologists who examined how neighborhood conditions, such as poverty levels, influenced crime rates. Their sociological vision transformed into social structure theory.​

Accepted Answer

The Chicago School was a group of urban sociologists from the University of Chicago in the early 20th century who studied how various factors, including poverty, affected crime rates in neighborhoods, leading to the development of social structure theories.

Question 15

Caesar Beccaria, in the 1700s, was one of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people commit crime. Beccaria helped to form the core of what today is referred to as ______________ criminology.​

Accepted Answer

Beccaria's theories are central to classical criminology, which emphasizes the idea of free will and the use of punishment as a deterrent for crime. Determinism suggests that individuals have no control over their actions, positivism focuses on biological and psychological factors that influence behavior, and Marxism analyzes crime in relation to social and economic structures.

Question 16

The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the__________ of criminal behavior.​

Accepted Answer

Criminology is concerned with understanding the nature (what criminal behavior is), extent (how much criminal behavior there is), cause (why people engage in criminal behavior), and control (how to prevent or reduce criminal behavior) of criminal behavior. Option B is incorrect because economics and history are not the primary focus of criminology. Option C is incorrect because prevalence and placement are not as significant as cause and control. Option D is incorrect because while politics and policies may play a role in criminal behavior, economics is not a primary concern of criminology.

Question 17

Penology refers to the subarea of criminology that focuses on the correction and control of criminal offenders.​

Accepted Answer

Penology is indeed a subarea of criminology that deals with the study of punishment, rehabilitation, and prevention of crime.

Question 18

According to the structural perspective, crime rates are a function of _____ forces, such as neighborhood conditions, cultural factors, and norm conflict.​

Accepted Answer

The structural perspective emphasizes how larger societal forces such as ecological (neighborhood conditions), cultural, and norm conflict contribute to crime rates. Situational factors refer more to immediate circumstances and opportunities for crime, while internal and political factors are not as directly relevant to the structural perspective's focus on larger social structures.

Question 19

The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on _________ criminology, which faults the economic system for producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates.​

Accepted Answer

Critical criminology is heavily influenced by Marxist theory, and sees crime as a product of the capitalist economic system which creates a society of unequal classes and unequal opportunities. This perspective argues that crime is a product of systemic injustice, and calls for radical social and economic change to address the root causes of criminal behavior.

Question 20

A jury that is unable to agree on a decision, thus leaving the case unresolved and open for possible retrial is known as a hung jury.

Accepted Answer

A hung jury occurs when the members of a jury cannot come to a unanimous or majority decision, resulting in a mistrial.

Quiz 1: Crime and Criminology

If a defendant is released on bail and fails to appear for his or her hearing, a court date, referred to as a recognizance hearing, is held to determine possible sanctions, which include forfeiture of bail money, property, and additional criminal sanctions.

According to the text, recent research in the subarea of criminology involving terrorism found that mental illness is the primary cause in explaining why young people become terrorists.

"Let the punishment fit the crime" refers to which criminological school of thought?​

A deviant act becomes a crime when it is defined, _____.

Nolle prosequi refers to the notion of "no prosecution," or cases in which the state has so much evidence against the defendant that a trial is not needed in order to convict the accused.

Criminologists interested in computing criminal statistics focus on creating ________ measurements of criminal behavior.​

The man who was considered the "father of criminology" and who referred to offenders as "born criminals" was​

According to the biological/psychological perspective, which type of forces account for crime?​

Gathering valid crime data, devising new research methods, and measuring crime patterns and trends fall under the ______ subarea of the criminological enterprise.

Marvin Wolfgang's 1958 study Patterns in Criminal Homicide is an example of which subarea of the criminological enterprise?​

An evaluation of the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) program, which classifies people on probation, among other things, has been found to cut recidivism rates for high-risk offenders by as much as 20 percent.

To be truly ethical, criminological research must have social value to research participants rather than simply doing no harm.

Individuals interact with various people, organizations, institutions, and social norms as they mature and develop. This process is referred to as ______.

The ______ was a group of urban sociologists who examined how neighborhood conditions, such as poverty levels, influenced crime rates. Their sociological vision transformed into social structure theory.​

Caesar Beccaria, in the 1700s, was one of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people commit crime. Beccaria helped to form the core of what today is referred to as ______________ criminology.​

The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the__________ of criminal behavior.​

Penology refers to the subarea of criminology that focuses on the correction and control of criminal offenders.​

According to the structural perspective, crime rates are a function of _____ forces, such as neighborhood conditions, cultural factors, and norm conflict.​

The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on _________ criminology, which faults the economic system for producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates.​

A jury that is unable to agree on a decision, thus leaving the case unresolved and open for possible retrial is known as a hung jury.

"Let the punishment fit the crime" refers to which criminological school of thought?

Criminologists interested in computing criminal statistics focus on creating ________ measurements of criminal behavior.

The man who was considered the "father of criminology" and who referred to offenders as "born criminals" was

According to the biological/psychological perspective, which type of forces account for crime?

Marvin Wolfgang's 1958 study Patterns in Criminal Homicide is an example of which subarea of the criminological enterprise?

The ______ was a group of urban sociologists who examined how neighborhood conditions, such as poverty levels, influenced crime rates. Their sociological vision transformed into social structure theory.

Caesar Beccaria, in the 1700s, was one of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people commit crime. Beccaria helped to form the core of what today is referred to as ______________ criminology.

The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the__________ of criminal behavior.

Penology refers to the subarea of criminology that focuses on the correction and control of criminal offenders.

According to the structural perspective, crime rates are a function of _____ forces, such as neighborhood conditions, cultural factors, and norm conflict.

The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on _________ criminology, which faults the economic system for producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates.