Question 1

Which brain feature, according to the textbook, is most closely involved in the priming, drug cues, craving, and stress that all contribute to substance-related disorders?

Accepted Answer

The mesolimbic system, which includes the nucleus accumbens, is heavily involved in reward and motivation pathways and is closely linked to substance-related disorders. It is involved in processes such as priming, drug cues, craving, and stress that contribute to substance use and addiction. The other options mentioned (occipital lobe, hippocampus, and stria) are not primarily involved in these processes.

Question 2

Stimuli associated with drug use, such as friends, favorite hangouts, and other things that stimulate further drug use, are called

Accepted Answer

Stimuli associated with drug use are known as drug cues. These cues can trigger drug cravings and lead to further drug use. It is important to recognize and avoid these cues in order to prevent relapse.

Question 3

A genetic cause has been significantly implicated in the areas of

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that there is a genetic component to both alcoholism and opiate addiction. While environmental factors also play a role, studies of families and twins suggest that genetic factors account for approximately 50-60% of the risk for these addictions. There is less evidence of a genetic component to marijuana use and stimulant addiction, and while nicotine addiction does have a genetic component, it is not as strong as that of alcoholism and opiate addiction. Morphine and barbiturates also have a genetic component, but they are not as commonly abused as alcohol and opiates.

Question 4

Prescription medications tend to be the drugs of choice with increased age, with tending to be the illegal drugs of choice for teenagers.

Accepted Answer

Teenagers often experiment with inhalants and marijuana as they are more accessible and perceived as less harmful compared to other illegal drugs.

Question 5

When a single drug dose, such as a drink of alcohol or a snorted line of cocaine, leads to an uncontrollable binge, this situation is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Priming refers to the phenomenon where exposure to a small amount of a drug triggers subsequent use of larger quantities, often leading to an uncontrollable binge. This can occur after just one drink or a small amount of a drug, as the initial use "primes" the brain for more intense reward and reinforcement. Drug cues and cravings may also play a role in triggering binge behavior, but priming specifically refers to the immediate escalation of drug use after an initial dose. The mesolimbic pathway is a brain circuit involved in reward and addiction, but it is not necessarily specific to binge behavior.

Question 6

When people have a glass of wine to relax, smoke a cigarette to unwind, or snort a line of cocaine to enhance mood, it clearly indicates how can trigger substance use.

Accepted Answer

The statement indicates that people turn to substances like wine, cigarettes, and cocaine to help them relax and unwind, which suggests that stress is the trigger for substance use. The other choices (alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine) are substances themselves and do not necessarily trigger use of other substances.

Question 7

Jed was in a residential treatment program for substance-related disorders that was one of the few programs that also addresses stigma among this population.What would likely be the program's focus for reducing stigma?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jed was in a residential treatment program...

Question 8

In the last 12 months, the illegal drugs most commonly tried for the first time include

Accepted Answer

Prescription medications and marijuana are the most commonly tried illegal drugs for the first time in the last 12 months.

Question 9

Researchers indicate the heritability rates for alcoholism at %.

Accepted Answer

Heritability rates for alcoholism are generally estimated to be between 50% and 60%, making option B the closest range.

Question 10

The highest 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates of the major substance-related disorders are associated with

Accepted Answer

Alcohol use is associated with the highest 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates of major substance-related disorders. This is because alcohol is legal and socially accepted, making it more accessible and can lead to excessive use and addiction.

Question 11

Martin has excessively used alcohol for many years.His brain size is likely to be

Accepted Answer

Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to brain damage and can lead to a reduction in brain size, particularly in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, resulting in impaired functioning in various cognitive and motor domains. Therefore, Martin's brain size is likely to be smaller than normal due to his long-term alcohol use.

Question 12

When drugs are modified for specific purposes, they are designated as

Accepted Answer

Designer or club drugs are drugs that have been modified for specific purposes, such as to produce a particular effect or to avoid detection by drug tests.

Question 13

Dopamine release acts as a powerful

Accepted Answer

Dopamine release is commonly associated with pleasure and reward pathways in the brain. Its release is often linked with positive experiences such as food, sex, and recreational drugs. Therefore, it acts as a powerful reward mechanism.

Question 14

Genetics may affect a person's sensitivity to alcohol.Genetics influence , and this can predict alcoholism in offspring of people with alcoholism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Genetics may affect a person's sensitivity to...

Question 15

Statistically, % of Americans age 12 and older currently use alcohol.

Accepted Answer

According to recent statistics, approximately 50.3% of Americans age 12 and older currently use alcohol.

Question 16

Substance-related disorders are comorbid with other mental disorders, especially

Accepted Answer

The answer of Substance-related disorders are comorbid with other mental...

Question 17

The primary brain area associated with substance abuse disorders is the

Accepted Answer

The mesolimbic pathway, also known as the reward pathway, is a key brain region associated with substance abuse disorders. It is responsible for releasing dopamine, a neurotransmitter that produces feelings of pleasure and reward. Substance abuse can lead to an overstimulation of the mesolimbic pathway, causing individuals to compulsively seek out the substance for its pleasurable effects.

Question 18

Areta has just experienced a date rape.Which drug would her rapist have been most likely to use?

Accepted Answer

Ketamine is a drug that has been commonly used in cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault. It can cause sedation, confusion, and memory loss, making it easier for the perpetrator to commit sexual assault without the victim being able to resist or remember what happened.

Question 19

A D2 receptor dysfunction with resulting inability to enjoy everyday rewards is

Accepted Answer

Reward deficiency syndrome refers to a dysfunction in the brain's reward system, particularly the D2 receptor, that leads to a reduced ability to experience pleasure from everyday rewards. This can lead to seeking stronger and more intense rewards or addiction to substances or behaviors that can provide those rewards.

Question 20

A critical environmental factor with the ability to trigger onset in relapse of substance-related disorders is

Accepted Answer

Stress is a key environmental factor that can trigger relapse in individuals with substance-related disorders. Stress can be caused by a variety of factors, such as life events, social relationships, and environmental factors. Stress can cause an individual to crave substance use as a coping mechanism, which leads to relapse. Therefore, stress management is an important part of addiction treatment and relapse prevention.

Quiz 9: Substance-Related Disorders