Question 1

Most of the Supreme Court decisions that provided more explicit rights for suspects and defendants occurred

Accepted Answer

The 1960s saw a number of significant Supreme Court decisions that expanded the rights of suspects and defendants, including Miranda v. Arizona (1966) which established the now-famous Miranda warning, and Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) which established the right to counsel for indigent defendants. Other important cases from this decade include Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) and Katz v. United States (1967).

Question 2

Edward Rosenheimer was charged with a hit-and-run accident, but he claimed that the law requiring him to report the accident to the police was unconstitutional because it forced him to incriminate himself, violating the U.S.Constitution's Fifth Amendment.This case eventually came before the New York Court of Appeals; what was this court's decision?

Accepted Answer

The New York Court of Appeals concluded that the right to avoid self-incrimination did not outweigh the right of injured persons to seek redress for their sufferings, thus upholding the law requiring individuals involved in accidents to report them.

Question 3

Currently, in the U.S., one out of every ______ Americans is either in prison or on probation or parole.

Accepted Answer

As of the latest statistics, approximately 1 in 32 Americans is either in prison, on probation, or on parole. This reflects the high rate of incarceration and supervision in the U.S. criminal justice system.

Question 4

Which amendment to the U.S.Constitution safeguards us against self-incrimination?

Accepted Answer

The 5th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution safeguards us against self-incrimination. It states that no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against oneself. This means that individuals have the right to remain silent and not testify against themselves in court.

Question 5

In contrast to the crime control model, the due process model would subscribe to which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

The due process model emphasizes the protection of individual rights, including the right to a fair trial and the presumption of innocence. Therefore, the statement "It is better for many guilty persons to go free than to convict one innocent person" reflects the values of the due process model. The other options do not align with the principles of due process.

Question 6

Most forensic psychologists are trained as

Accepted Answer

Most forensic psychologists are trained as clinical psychologists, as they deal with mental health issues and how they impact legal proceedings. Some forensic psychologists may also have additional training in areas such as law or criminology.

Question 7

A researcher who is interested in the incidence of rape in different types of societies and the relationship of rape to the amount of male dominance in these societies is concerned with which approach to the study of law?

Accepted Answer

This researcher is studying the incidence of rape in different types of societies, which falls under the subject matter of anthropology, specifically cultural anthropology. The researcher is examining the relationship between rape and male dominance in these societies, which is a cultural phenomenon that can be understood through the analysis of different societies and cultures.

Question 8

If a researcher is studying the role that social class plays in criminal behavior in a particular society, that researcher is most likely

Accepted Answer

The study of social class and its impact on criminal behavior is a topic within sociology. A psychologist may study the psychological factors that contribute to criminal behavior, an anthropologist may study the cultural factors that contribute to criminal behavior, and a philosopher may study the ethical implications of criminal behavior. However, the specific focus on social class as a contributing factor to criminal behavior is within the realm of sociology.

Question 9

In more recent cases, the Supreme Court has ruled in favor of law enforcement as opposed to individuals suspected of breaking the law.For example, in Florence v.Board of Chosen Freeholders, the Court found

Accepted Answer

In Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders, the Supreme Court ruled that jail officials can conduct strip searches on individuals who are being admitted to the general population of a detention facility even if there is no suspicion that the individual is carrying contraband or weapons. This ruling was seen as a victory for law enforcement and a blow to individual privacy rights. Option A is incorrect because it refers to a different case and ruling. Option C is also incorrect because while the Court has established exceptions to Miranda warnings, they still must be given in most custodial situations.

Question 10

The purpose of laws is to

Accepted Answer

Laws serve multiple purposes, including ensuring public safety, deterring vigilantes who may take the law into their own hands, and providing a mechanism for conflict resolution through the legal system. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 11

The United States has 5% of the world's population and ________ of its prisoners.

Accepted Answer

The United States has 25% of the world's prisoners, which is a significantly higher percentage than its population. This can be attributed to various factors, including tough sentencing laws, mandatory minimum sentences, and a focus on incarceration as a means of punishment for non-violent crimes.

Question 12

Psychology assumes individual characteristics affect how the legal system operates and the legal system affects individual characteristics and behavior.Characteristics may include:

Accepted Answer

All of the above characteristics (individual abilities, personal values, and professional experiences) can affect how a person interacts with the legal system, and in turn, the legal system can influence these characteristics and behaviors. For example, a person with a certain ability or expertise may be more likely to be involved in the legal system as an expert witness or legal professional. Personal values can also impact a person's behavior within the legal system, such as their willingness to comply with laws or their views on punishment. Professional experiences can shape a person's attitudes towards the legal system based on their interactions with clients or precedent-setting legal cases.

Question 13

Which of the following would be an activity that a forensic psychologist would most likely do?

Accepted Answer

Evaluating whether a defendant was sane at the time the crime was committed involves assessing the defendant's mental state and decision-making at the time of the offense, which is a key function of forensic psychology. B involves DNA analysis, which is not typically within the scope of forensic psychology. C involves sociological research, which is not typically within the scope of forensic psychology. D involves legal simulations, which can be a part of forensic psychology, but is not the primary focus of the field.

Question 14

According to a 2011 Gallup poll, ___________ of Americans favor same-sex marriage.

Accepted Answer

According to the 2011 Gallup poll, 53% of Americans favored same-sex marriage.

Question 15

In 2012, several states allowed same-sex marriage, including:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In 2012, several states allowed same-sex marriage,...

Question 16

One might argue that the stop and frisk procedures used in New York City violate the principle of equality and rely on profiling, as 52% of stops between 2004 and 2009 were of __________________ and 30% were of __________________.

Accepted Answer

According to the information given in the question, 52% of stops were of African Americans and 30% were of Hispanics. Therefore, the best choice is D, which states that African Americans and Hispanics were the two groups that were disproportionately affected by the stop and frisk procedures. Choice A (African Americans and Caucasians) and Choice C (African Americans and Caucasians) are incorrect as they do not include Hispanics as one of the groups targeted by the procedure. Choice B (Hispanics and Caucasians) is incorrect as it does not include African Americans as one of the targeted groups.

Question 17

Secondary to the most recent recession, officials have sought different ways to reduce recidivism and rates of incarceration.These alternatives have included:

Accepted Answer

The question mentions different ways to reduce recidivism and rates of incarceration, and all of the options presented (diversionary, community-based treatment programs, educational and re-entry programs for inmates, substance abuse and mental health programs for inmates) are viable alternatives to traditional incarceration that have been explored by officials. Therefore, the best choice is D, all of the above.

Question 18

According to Kurt Lewin, what influences behavior?

Accepted Answer

According to Kurt Lewin's field theory, behavior is influenced by both one's personal qualities and one's environment. Lewin believed that behavior is a function of the person and their environment, and that to understand behavior, one must consider both factors.

Question 19

Which of the following is a basic characteristic of the crime control model of the criminal justice system?

Accepted Answer

The crime control model emphasizes on the detection and prosecution of criminals, with aims to move cases through the courts in a quick and efficient manner. This model prioritizes the need to maintain social order over individual rights and liberties, and therefore, may present obstacles to the conviction of defendants (choice A). The suspect is assumed to be innocent in both the crime control model and due process model (choice B). The crime control model tends to advocate for more police control and less judicial control in order to expedite criminal proceedings, which signifies that greater control needs to be exerted over suspects' investigation (choice D) is not a basic characteristic of this model.

Question 20

The principle of equality is often at odds with the value of ______________ when it comes to implementing laws and punishing offenders.

Accepted Answer

Discretion allows for individual judgment in decision-making, which can lead to unequal treatment, conflicting with the principle of equality.

Quiz 1: Psychology and the Law: Choices and Roles