Question 1

Which of the following terms refers to the behavior supposedly characteristic of either males or females?

Accepted Answer

Gender role refers to the societal expectations and behaviors associated with being male or female.

Question 2

The theory that adolescents feel more pressure than children to behave in gender stereotypical ways is called:

Accepted Answer

The gender intensification hypothesis suggests that during adolescence, individuals may feel more pressure to conform to traditional gender roles and stereotypes. This may lead to an increase in gendered behaviors and attitudes.

Question 3

Research indicates that ethnic minority parents generally teach their children to be:

Accepted Answer

Research shows that ethnic minority parents generally teach their children to navigate between their ethnic culture and the dominant culture, leading to a bicultural approach. This involves balancing both cultures, which helps children develop a strong sense of identity and allows them to effectively connect with people from different backgrounds. Therefore, biculturalism is considered a positive approach to cultural integration that helps individuals maintain their cultural heritage while also adapting to the new culture.

Question 4

Kay's father always praises her when she wears dresses or skirts,and he gets angry and tells her to "stop being a guy" when she shows interest in cars.Which theory best explains how Kay is learning about gender?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory proposes that gender roles are learned through observation of others' behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors. In this case, Kay is learning gender roles from her father's responses to her behavior, where he praises her for exhibiting traditionally feminine behaviors (wearing dresses/skirts) and scolds her for exhibiting traditionally masculine behaviors (interest in cars).

Question 5

Tiffany wants to be just like her mother,so she starts trying to dress and talk like her as well as getting involved in the same activities.Tiffany is showing:

Accepted Answer

Tiffany is engaging in identification, where she is modeling her behavior and actions after her mother in order to establish her own gender identity. This is a common process in socialization, especially within the family unit. Gender-role transcendence (A) is when one chooses to ignore traditional gender stereotypes, while femininity (C) refers to qualities and behaviors that are traditionally associated with being female. Reinforcement (D) is when a behavior is strengthened by positive consequences, and it does not apply in this scenario.

Question 6

According to social learning theory,a child learns gender-typed behavior through a combination of all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory does not take into account prenatal hormones as the source of gender-typed behavior learning. However, it emphasizes the role of modeling, punishment, and reinforcement in shaping gender identity and behavior.

Question 7

Parental identification refers to:

Accepted Answer

Parental identification involves the process where a child adopts or internalizes the values, attitudes, and characteristics of their parents. This is a psychological concept that highlights how children learn and assimilate aspects of their parents' personalities, beliefs, and behaviors.

Question 8

According to Tse's four-stage theory of ethnic identity development,in which stage do ethnic minority adolescents realize they can't fully join the mainstream culture and thus they develop resentment?

Accepted Answer

According to Tse's four-stage theory of ethnic identity development, stage 2 is the emergence stage, in which ethnic minority adolescents realize they can't fully join the mainstream culture and thus they develop resentment. In this stage, they begin to explore and assert their ethnic identity, but they also feel conflicts and confusion about their cultural identity. The other options (A, C, D) do not describe this stage.

Question 9

How do self-concept and self-esteem differ? How do they affect each other?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do self-concept and self-esteem differ? How...

Question 10

What is the name of the revised cognitive-developmental approach to gender that emphasizes the steps of labeling,attention,and interest?

Accepted Answer

The revised cognitive-developmental approach to gender that emphasizes the steps of labeling, attention, and interest is known as Gender schema theory. This theory proposes that children develop gender schemas, or mental frameworks, that shape their understanding and behaviors related to gender. These schemas are based on their experiences and the messages they receive from society about what it means to be male or female. Gender schema theory also highlights the role of cognitive processes in shaping gender development, such as attention to gender-relevant information and the influence of labels on children's perceptions of themselves and others.

Question 11

In 5-year-old Kyle's family his mother and older sister take showers,whereas his father and he take baths.Based on this experience,Kyle has categorized showers as "girl things" and baths as "boy things." This best illustrates which theory of gender development?

Accepted Answer

Gender schema theory suggests that children actively develop gender schemas, or mental representations of what it means to be male or female, based on their observations of gender-related behavior and reinforcement from their environment. In this scenario, Kyle has developed a schema in which showers are associated with females and baths with males based on his observation of gender-related behavior in his family.

Question 12

In humans,prenatal hormone levels:

Accepted Answer

Prenatal hormone levels have been linked to alterations in both physical characteristics (such as genitalia development) and postnatal behaviors (such as personality traits and cognitive abilities). For example, higher levels of prenatal testosterone have been associated with increased aggression and decreased empathy in both males and females.

Question 13

Androgynous individuals:

Accepted Answer

Androgynous individuals have both feminine and masculine characteristics, but may have a clear understanding of their gender identity. They reject traditional gender roles and may display a combination of traits traditionally associated with both genders. They are not necessarily confused about their gender or experiencing gender intensification.

Question 14

According to Tse,children develop the concept of ethnicity in the following sequence:

Accepted Answer

Tse's research on the development of ethnic identity in children outlines a sequence that starts with being unaware of ethnic differences, moving to a stage of ambivalence where there is some recognition but confusion about ethnic identity, then to emergence where there is a clearer understanding and exploration of one's ethnicity, and finally to incorporation, where ethnicity becomes an integrated part of the individual's identity.

Question 15

According to cognitive developmental theorists,which of the following is the first step in the building of a child's gender identification?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to cognitive developmental theorists,which of the...

Question 16

Biology is to __________ as cultural expectations are to __________ .

Accepted Answer

Biology is to sex as cultural expectations are to gender. Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females, while gender refers to the social and cultural expectations and roles associated with being male or female.

Question 17

What is the name given to the belief that when people's competence is at issue,we should think of them as people,rather than as males and females?

Accepted Answer

Gender-role transcendence is the belief that individuals should be evaluated based on their individual qualities, abilities, and achievements, rather than on their gender. It emphasizes that gender should not be the defining factor in how we perceive others' abilities and competence, and that stereotyping based on gender is limiting and unfair.

Question 18

Janet is competitive,assertive,strong,and independent,but is also affectionate,sensitive,compassionate,and cooperative.Janet is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Janet is demonstrating androgyny which refers to displaying a mixture of masculine and feminine traits, including both assertive and affectionate behaviors. This contrasts with gender intensification (A) which is the exaggeration of gender differences and stereotypical behaviors, gender schema theory (C) which proposes that individuals categorize and interpret information based on their gender schema, and gender-role transcendence (D) which involves recognizing the limitations of traditional gender roles and embracing a more flexible and inclusive gender identity.

Question 19

What expands the range of human behavior,allowing individuals to cope effectively in a variety of different situations?

Accepted Answer

Androgyny, which refers to the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics, allows individuals greater flexibility in behavior, enabling them to adapt and cope effectively in a wide range of situations. Unlike strict adherence to traditional gender roles, androgyny permits a broader range of behaviors beyond those typically associated with one's biological sex or gender identity.

Question 20

Aaron just turned 13 and has decided he needs to be more "manly" so he starts picking fights with other boys and engaging is risky behaviors,things he never did when he was younger.His behavior can best be explained by:

Accepted Answer

Aaron's behavior is consistent with the gender intensification hypothesis, which states that during adolescence, individuals often become more rigid in their gender role behaviors and more likely to conform to traditional gender stereotypes. In Aaron's case, he may feel pressure to conform to a more stereotypically "masculine" gender role and is engaging in behaviors he perceives as "manly" as a result.

Quiz 6: Self-Concept, Identity, Ethnicity, and Gender