Question 1

Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives is informed by

Accepted Answer

Martin Seligman's theory is known as the learned helplessness model, which proposes that when individuals experience uncontrollable events repeatedly, they learn that their actions have no impact on the outcomes, leading to feelings of helplessness and depression.

Question 2

An individual who usually says "It's all my fault" when anything goes wrong is reflecting the ________ characteristic of the depressive attributional style.

Accepted Answer

The individual who says "It's all my fault" is indicating an internal attribution for the cause of the problem, which is a depressive attributional style. The other options are not relevant to this statement.

Question 3

The idea that individuals who are biologically vulnerable to depression place themselves in high-risk,stressful environments reflects the

Accepted Answer

The reciprocal gene-environment model suggests that an individual's genetic predisposition makes them more likely to seek out or create high-risk, stressful environments, which can then trigger or worsen depression symptoms. This theory acknowledges both biological and environmental factors in the development of depression.

Question 4

Possible reasons for the higher rates of depression found in women include all of the following

Accepted Answer

The answer of Possible reasons for the higher rates of...

Question 5

One symptom of depression is an increase in sleeping.What other symptom related to sleep occurs in depression?

Accepted Answer

Along with an increase in sleeping, individuals with depression often experience decreased slow wave sleep, the deepest stage of sleep.

Question 6

Regarding Beck's views on depression,which of the following definitions of cognitive errors and negative schema is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

Arbitrary inference means that a depressed individual emphasizes the negative rather than the positive aspects of a situation, not the other way around. This is the opposite of what is described in option B.

Question 7

The following types of medications are all used to treat depression

Accepted Answer

SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are considered to be the first-line treatment for depression by many healthcare professionals. They work by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain, which helps to regulate mood and emotions. They are generally safer and have fewer side effects than other types of antidepressants.

B) Mixed reuptake inhibitors are a newer class of antidepressants that target both serotonin and norepinephrine. While they can be effective, they may also have more side effects than SSRIs.

C) MAO inhibitors (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors) are an older class of antidepressants that are generally only prescribed after other treatments have failed. They work by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine. However, they can have potentially dangerous interactions with certain foods and other medications.

D) GABA inhibitors are not typically used to treat depression. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps to regulate anxiety and stress, but it is not directly involved in the regulation of mood.

Question 8

The antidepressant medications known as imipramine (Tofranil)and amitriptyline (Elavil)are included in the class of drugs called

Accepted Answer

Imipramine (Tofranil) and amitriptyline (Elavil) are both tricyclic antidepressants, which are defined by their chemical structure. They work by increasing the levels of certain brain chemicals, including serotonin and norepinephrine, which can improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression. SSRIs and MAO inhibitors are other types of antidepressant medications. Tranquilizers, also known as benzodiazepines, are a separate class of drugs used to treat anxiety, not depression.

Question 9

In 1989,Abramson and his colleagues revised Seligman's theory of learned helplessness,changing the focus from specific attributions to ________ as the crucial factor in depression.

Accepted Answer

Abramson and his colleagues revised Seligman's theory to focus on a sense of hopelessness as the crucial factor in depression, shifting away from specific attributions.

Question 10

Results of a study of cognitive vulnerability to depression  found that ____ percent of the students with thought patterns classified as "high risk" for depression subsequently suffered a major depressive episode whereas only ____ percent of the "low risk" students subsequently experienced a major depressive episode.

Accepted Answer

The study found that 16 percent of high-risk students experienced a major depressive episode, compared to only 2.7 percent of low-risk students.

Question 11

With regard to the relationship between stress and depression,all of the following statements are true that

Accepted Answer

The answer of With regard to the relationship between stress...

Question 12

A student who has been doing very well in her psychology class receives a minor critical comment on an essay that she wrote as part of an exam.The student thinks,"This is terrible.I'm probably going to fail the course." This type of cognitive error in thinking is called

Accepted Answer

The student's thought of failing the course based on a single critical comment is an example of overgeneralization, which is a cognitive error in thinking that involves drawing broad conclusions based on limited evidence or a single negative experience. Arbitrary inference involves drawing conclusions without evidence, pessimism involves expecting the worst outcome, and dissociating involves disconnecting oneself from reality or one's emotions.

Question 13

Some possible reasons for the higher rates of depression found in women relate to the disadvantages experienced by women in the United States,such as

Accepted Answer

Discrimination and poverty can lead to a sense of helplessness, hopelessness, and low self-esteem, which are risk factors for depression. Similarly, abuse and sexual harassment can cause trauma and emotional distress, which can also increase the risk of depression. These disadvantages are more prevalent in women in the United States, which could explain why they have higher rates of depression.

Question 14

For individuals who had not been previously depressed,research studies indicate that a marital separation or divorce resulted in

Accepted Answer

The answer of For individuals who had not been previously...

Question 15

Recent research suggests that

Accepted Answer

Recent research shows that there is a connection between high stress hormones and depression which affects neurogenesis in the hippocampus (A). Additionally, low hippocampal volumes are also linked to the onset of depression (B). Electroconvulsive therapy has shown to increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus (C). Therefore all the above factors contribute to the relationship between depression and hippocampal functioning.

Question 16

According to recent research on the development of depression,dysfunctional attitudes (a negative outlook)and hopelessness attributes (explaining things negatively)constitute a ________ vulnerability to depression.

Accepted Answer

The terms "dysfunctional attitudes" and "hopelessness attributes" suggest a cognitive vulnerability to depression. This means that the way individuals think and interpret events in their lives can contribute to their risk of developing depression.

Question 17

Which of the following factors contribute to the integrative theory of depression?

Accepted Answer

The integrative theory of depression takes into account multiple factors, including stressful life events, stress hormones, and neurotransmitters. Therefore, all of the above contribute to this theory.

Question 18

The therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants begin

Accepted Answer

The therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants usually begin after 2 to 8 weeks of starting the medication. It takes time for the medication to build up in the body and for the brain chemistry to adjust to the medication. Patients are usually advised to continue taking the medication as prescribed even if they do not see immediate improvements in their symptoms.

Question 19

In Aaron Beck's depressive cognitive triad,individuals think negatively about all of the following

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Aaron Beck's depressive cognitive triad,individuals think...

Question 20

With regard to social support,

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that having social support can help speed recovery from depressive episodes. This can include having close friends, family members, or participating in support groups or therapy. Option A, having one close friend, is not a sufficient amount of social support. Option C, while cultural differences may play a role in the effectiveness of social support, the statement that it had no effect in China is not supported by research. Finally, option D is not entirely accurate as having too much support may not necessarily worsen depression, but overwhelming or intrusive support can be harmful.

Quiz 6: Mood Disorders and Suicide