Question 1

According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child's cognitive development?
A) balanced diet
B) social interactions
C) genetic endowment
D) successful resolution of psychosocial crises

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social interactions and social learning in a child's cognitive development. He believed that children's learning is influenced by their relationships with adults and peers, as well as the cultural and historical context in which they live.

Question 2

Which of the following is TRUE of the original research that suggested a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism?
A) It was conducted in a cooperative study in France, Iceland, and the Netherlands.
B) It was based on data collected from a very large sample of children.
C) It has been successfully replicated repeatedly, providing evidence for its validity.
D) It was based on falsified data.

Accepted Answer

The original research that suggested a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism was conducted by Andrew Wakefield, who has since been found guilty of dishonesty and falsifying data in his research. Therefore, the correct answer is D: It was based on falsified data.

Question 3

If a child is exposed to the "Strange Situation," then he or she __________.
A) should receive immediate medical attention
B) will view novel and eccentric stimuli
C) will be in a room with other children that he or she doesn't know
D) will be left with a stranger or alone in an unfamiliar situation

Accepted Answer

The "Strange Situation" is a standardized measure used to assess attachment styles in infants and young children. In this situation, the child is left alone or with a stranger in an unfamiliar setting, then reunited with their caregiver. The child's response to these separations and reunions can provide insight into their attachment style. Therefore, choice D is the best answer as it accurately describes what happens in the "Strange Situation."

Question 4

Millie and Amaya are mothers who both have 3-month-old infants. Millie tells Amaya, "My son is so fussy," to which Amaya replies, "That's funny-my son is so easy." It appears that Millie and Amaya are discussing their newborns' __________.
A) personalities
B) moods
C) reflexes
D) temperaments

Accepted Answer

The conversation between Millie and Amaya suggests that they are discussing their newborns' temperaments, which refers to their characteristic patterns of behavior and emotional reactions. The fact that Millie describes her son as "fussy" and Amaya describes hers as "easy" suggests that they have different temperaments. Personalities, moods, and reflexes might also be relevant factors in understanding infant behavior, but in this case, the dialogue focuses specifically on the infants' temperaments.

Question 5

What does research on the stability of temperament indicate?
A) Temperament is unstable and subject to wide variations over the course of a lifetime.
B) Temperament is unstable during childhood but stabilizes during adolescence and remains stable throughout a person's adult life.
C) Temperament is relatively stable through the first 3 to 4 years of life but begins to vary dramatically once a child reaches school age.
D) Temperament is relatively stable well into adulthood.

Accepted Answer

Research on the stability of temperament indicates that temperament is relatively stable well into adulthood. While there may be some changes in temperament over time, these changes are usually gradual and minimal. Studies have found that temperament is a relatively stable trait throughout a person's life, even into their senior years.

Question 6

Shontae, a 1-year-old, fears being away from her mother. It appears that Shontae has __________.
A) an attachment disorder
B) stranger anxiety
C) generalized anxiety
D) separation anxiety

Accepted Answer

Shontae's fear of being away from her mother is a sign of separation anxiety, which is common in infants and toddlers. This fear typically peaks around 1 year of age and gradually subsides as children become more comfortable with being away from their primary caregiver. Attachment disorder, stranger anxiety, and generalized anxiety are all different from separation anxiety and do not accurately describe Shontae's behavior.

Question 7

Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child's interaction with objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to __________.
A) biological changes in the brain
B) unconscious factors
C) completing activities in isolation
D) interaction between a child and more highly skilled people

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that cognitive development occurs through social interaction between a child and more highly skilled individuals, such as parents, teachers, and peers. He referred to this as the "zone of proximal development," suggesting that children can only reach their full potential when they are guided and supported by those with greater knowledge and experience. Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky believed that learning is a social process that occurs through collaboration and communication.

Question 8

Avery is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Thomas and Chess would describe Avery as being a(n) __________ child.
A) easy
B) difficult
C) slow-to-warm-up
D) undemanding

Accepted Answer

Avery's regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule indicates that she is not difficult or slow-to-warm-up. Being adaptable to change is a trait of an easy child according to Thomas and Chess's temperament theory. Therefore, the best choice is A) easy.

Question 9

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the "Strange Situation"?
A) the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
B) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
C) parental discipline styles in the first year of life
D) the nature of attachment between caregivers and babies

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth devised the "Strange Situation" to determine the nature of attachment between caregivers and babies. This involved observing how babies react to separations and reunions with their caregivers in a controlled lab setting. Ainsworth's work on attachment styles has been influential in the field of developmental psychology.

Question 10

Attachment usually takes place within the first __________ of life.
A) year
B) month
C) 6 months
D) 4 months

Accepted Answer

The answer of Attachment usually takes place within the first...

Question 11

Theory of __________ refers to an individual's ability to understand not only his or her own mental states (including beliefs, intentions, and desires) but also the fact that other people have their own points of view.
A) mind
B) egocentrism
C) object relations
D) individuation

Accepted Answer

The theory of mind refers specifically to an individual's ability to understand not only their own mental states but also the mental states of others, including the fact that others have their own thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and desires. Egocentrism refers to a more self-centered view of the world and the difficulty in understanding other perspectives, while object relations and individuation both relate to broader theories of personality development.

Question 12

Who was the physician who first published research suggesting a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism?
A) Stephen Kessling
B) Vladimir Uberkoff
C) Andrew Wakefield
D) Robert Rosenfield

Accepted Answer

Andrew Wakefield was the physician who first published research suggesting a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism in a now-debunked study published in The Lancet in 1998.

Question 13

According to Thomas and Chess, a child who is irregular in his or her schedule, resists change, and tends to be loud is a(n) __________ child.
A) easy
B) difficult
C) slow-to-warm-up
D) negative

Accepted Answer

According to Thomas and Chess, a child who is irregular in his or her schedule, resists change, and tends to be loud is a difficult child.

Question 14

Which term refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher?
A) scaffolding
B) conservation
C) hypothetical thinking
D) zone of proximal development

Accepted Answer

The term that refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher is the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is the range of tasks that a child can perform with the guidance or assistance of a more knowledgeable individual, such as a teacher or parent. This concept was introduced by Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, to explain the importance of social interactions in children's cognitive development. Scaffolding, conservation, and hypothetical thinking are also important concepts in child development, but they are not directly related to the ZPD.

Question 15

Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?
A) Several children work together to overcome an obstacle they could not conquer individually.
B) A teacher works one-on-one with a student and then begins to withdraw help as the student becomes more skilled.
C) Learning in one area, such as language, tends to reinforce learning that occurs in other areas, such as mathematics.
D) Physical interaction with the environment is a key to learning, so teachers require students to run and play a great deal.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding involves a more knowledgeable person providing support and guidance to a less knowledgeable person, and gradually withdrawing that support as the less knowledgeable person becomes more skilled. Option B describes a teacher working one-on-one with a student and then withdrawing help as the student becomes more skilled, which is an example of scaffolding. The other options describe other learning concepts.

Question 16

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants __________.
A) do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return
B) protest loudly when the mother leaves, but resist contact with her when she returns
C) cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns
D) are not concerned upon separation, but cry to be picked up and held on her return

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns. Option A is incorrect because securely attached infants do care when the mother leaves and seek her out on her return. Option B is incorrect because securely attached infants protest when the mother leaves, but they actively seek contact with her when she returns. Option D is incorrect because securely attached infants are concerned upon separation and seek contact with their mothers when she returns.

Question 17

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called __________.
A) temperament
B) attachment
C) trust
D) habituation

Accepted Answer

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is referred to as attachment.

Question 18

Baby Alfie is irritable, loud, and negative most of the time. He doesn't like it when new people pick him up, and he has irregular sleeping, eating, and waking schedules. What temperament does Alfie exhibit?
A) active
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) difficult
D) easy

Accepted Answer

Alfie's behavior matches the characteristics of a difficult temperament, which is characterized by irregularity in daily routines (sleeping, eating, waking), negativity, irritability, and discomfort around new people.

Question 19

Arlo is a quiet child who is very slow to adapt to change. However, if he is introduced gradually to new people or situations, then eventually he will accept them without too much distress. Thomas and Chess would say Arlo's temperament is __________.
A) active
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) difficult
D) easy

Accepted Answer

Arlo's slow adaptation to change and need for gradual introduction suggests that he has a slow-to-warm-up temperament, as described by Thomas and Chess. He is not described as particularly active or difficult, and there is no information to suggest that he has an easy temperament.

Question 20

Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent, and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?
A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) disorganized

Accepted Answer

This attachment style is called avoidant. Babies with this style appear indifferent to their mother's presence or absence, as well as to strangers. They may not seek comfort from their mother when distressed or upset, and seem to be self-reliant.

Quiz 8: Development Across the Life Span

According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child's cognitive development?

Which of the following is TRUE of the original research that suggested a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism?

If a child is exposed to the "Strange Situation," then he or she __________.

Millie and Amaya are mothers who both have 3-month-old infants. Millie tells Amaya, "My son is so fussy," to which Amaya replies, "That's funny-my son is so easy." It appears that Millie and Amaya are discussing their newborns' __________.

What does research on the stability of temperament indicate?

Shontae, a 1-year-old, fears being away from her mother. It appears that Shontae has __________.

Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child's interaction with objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to __________.

Avery is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Thomas and Chess would describe Avery as being a(n) __________ child.

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the "Strange Situation"?

Attachment usually takes place within the first __________ of life.

Theory of __________ refers to an individual's ability to understand not only his or her own mental states (including beliefs, intentions, and desires) but also the fact that other people have their own points of view.

Who was the physician who first published research suggesting a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism?

According to Thomas and Chess, a child who is irregular in his or her schedule, resists change, and tends to be loud is a(n) __________ child.

Which term refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher?

Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants __________.

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called __________.

Baby Alfie is irritable, loud, and negative most of the time. He doesn't like it when new people pick him up, and he has irregular sleeping, eating, and waking schedules. What temperament does Alfie exhibit?

Arlo is a quiet child who is very slow to adapt to change. However, if he is introduced gradually to new people or situations, then eventually he will accept them without too much distress. Thomas and Chess would say Arlo's temperament is __________.

Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent, and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?