Question 1

Hunger typically precedes food insecurity.Food insecurity is a current public health concern in the United States.

Accepted Answer

Both statements are true.Hunger,or an uneasy or painful sensation caused by lack of food,typically precedes food insecurity.Food insecurity refers to the lack of access to enough food to meet basic needs at some time because of insufficient funds or resources for food.Deciding which bills to pay-food or housing,heat,electricity,or water-exemplifies food insecurity.In households with very low food security,food intake is reduced and normal eating patterns are disrupted.Food insecurity remains a public health concern in the United States,particularly among low-income and urban ethnically diverse populations.

Question 2

Which are reflective of food patterns? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

When individuals immigrate to a new country,problems with adjusting to new food patterns are usually economic.Foods from the country of origin,which were cheapest at "home," may be expensive or unavailable in the new location.Religious beliefs,cultural beliefs,and food patterns coincide significantly in all cultures.Dental hygienists should learn about ethnic foods for immigrants so that they can assist in suggesting alternatives or similar foods.

Question 3

The terms natural and organic can be used interchangeably because the U.S.Department of Agriculture (USDA)regards them as synonymous (equal)terms.

Accepted Answer

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.The terms natural and organic were used interchangeably in the past to describe food that was minimally processed and free of artificial additives or preservatives; however,consumers should be aware that only products with an organic label have met USDA standards.Legally,use of terms such as natural or all natural can mean anything the manufacturer wants them to mean.

Question 4

While discussing benefits and drawbacks of organic foods,which selection can a dental hygienist convey correctly to a patient? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Whether organic foods are more nutritious than conventional foods have been a point of contention for years.Two large systematic reviews analyzing scientific literature have found no overall difference in vitamin and mineral content between foods produced using organic versus conventional methods.Note that in regard to production procedures,food manufacturers voluntarily provide information to the USDA about substances and practices,including how nonorganic and organic foods are kept separate.The USDA is responsible for inspecting the site annually and certifying the producer.Nonorganic produce is 30% more likely to have pesticides than organic fruits and vegetables.

Question 5

With the extensive amount of current nutritional choices, dental hygienists can effectively assist patients in evaluating the many factors involved in production, marketing, purchasing, and consumption of food. Match the nutritional factor with its most appropriate description or definition.
-Promotion of nutritionally related products or services of questionable value

Accepted Answer

Food quackery refers to the promotion of nutritionally related products or services of questionable value, such as diet pills or supplements that claim to cure diseases.

Answer: A
 Food patterns refer to the overall array or combination of foods consumed regularly, such as the Mediterranean diet or a vegetarian diet.

Answer: C
 Food fads are temporary or trendy diets or foods that are popular for a short time before being replaced by the next fad.

Answer: H
 Organic refers to foods that are grown without the use of certain pesticides, fertilizers, or other synthetic substances.

Note: Habit, detoxification, colonic, and chelation therapy do not match any of the nutritional factors listed.

Question 6

With the extensive amount of current nutritional choices, dental hygienists can effectively assist patients in evaluating the many factors involved in production, marketing, purchasing, and consumption of food. Match the nutritional factor with its most appropriate description or definition.
-Grown without synthetic pesticides,growth hormones,antibiotics,or genetic engineering

Accepted Answer

Organic refers to food that is grown without synthetic pesticides, growth hormones, antibiotics, or genetic engineering.

Question 7

A dental hygienist hoping to instill caution in a patient relying heavily on herbal supplements can accurately state each of the following,except one.Which statement is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Surprising to many,governmental organizations do not monitor the production and marketing of herbal supplements.This lack of oversight creates numerous concerns associated with their use.Dental hygienists can help patients understand that although herbal medicine should not be regarded as quackery,it should be approached with caution.Particularly strong marketing is used by makers of herbal teas and other plant-based therapies that tout their products as the only natural method with which to prevent disease and cure numerous conditions.Patients should be aware that deaths and severe health problems have resulted from use of some herbal preparations in the United States.

Question 8

Hair analysis can indicate exposure to toxic heavy metals content because hair reflects current body status.

Accepted Answer

The statement is correct,but the reason is not correct.Although hair analysis can indicate exposure to toxic heavy metals,an important caveat for consumers is that hair grows slowly and does not reflect current body status.Although many products and procedures claim to provide current nutritional status based on hair analysis,vitamins are not present in hair except in roots below the skin.Also significant,hair mineral content can be affected by shampoos,bleach,dye,and many other factors,including environmental and geographic factors.A staggering statistic for dental hygienists to convey,Americans spend more than $10 billion annually for cures that are deemed quackery by scientists.

Question 9

Weight loss therapies that rely on juicing typically provide increased fiber,vitamins,and minerals.As an added incentive,juices contain a lower concentration of sugar than the whole fruit.

Accepted Answer

Both statements are false.Freshly squeezed juices contain most of the vitamins,mineral,and phytonutrients found in the whole fruit; however,much of the fiber can be lost in the juicing procedure.A drawback is that fresh juice contains significant amounts of sugar that can actually lead to weight gain.Also pertinent,harmful bacteria can develop in fresh juice if it is not consumed in a short period of time.

Question 10

With the extensive amount of current nutritional choices, dental hygienists can effectively assist patients in evaluating the many factors involved in production, marketing, purchasing, and consumption of food. Match the nutritional factor with its most appropriate description or definition.
-Catch-all term covering beliefs about the value of nutrition

Accepted Answer

The answer of With the extensive amount of current nutritional...

Question 11

Which is NOT a guideline published in the New England Journal of Medicine to help prevent misinterpretation of scientific studies?

Accepted Answer

A single study never proves a theory; it may provide conclusive information,but provoke more questions for further studies.A single study usually serves as another piece of the puzzle if it can be replicated.The remaining four selections are valuable guidelines developed and published by two physicians in the New England Journal of Medicine.Because the news media often have a poor understanding of research methods and may "jump the gun" to publish without verifying facts,these guidelines can help consumers and professionals.

Question 12

Which can a dental hygienist accurately convey to a patient who expresses health concerns about irradiated foods? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Irradiation,safely used in the United States for more than 50 years,can extend the period of ripeness of fruits and vegetables,prolong freshness,and prevent certain foodborne illnesses.At the low doses of radiation allowed,nutrient losses are either not measurable or not significant.Food irradiation is also called cold pasteurization.

Question 13

With the extensive amount of current nutritional choices, dental hygienists can effectively assist patients in evaluating the many factors involved in production, marketing, purchasing, and consumption of food. Match the nutritional factor with its most appropriate description or definition.
-Binding and elimination of heavy metals from the body

Accepted Answer

Chelation therapy involves the use of chemicals to bind to heavy metals in the body and remove them.

Answer: E
 Detoxification refers to eliminating toxins, including heavy metals, from the body.

Answer: H
 Organic food is grown without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers, which can contribute to heavy metal contamination in the soil.

Note: None of the other answer choices are directly related to heavy metal toxicity or elimination.

Question 14

With the extensive amount of current nutritional choices, dental hygienists can effectively assist patients in evaluating the many factors involved in production, marketing, purchasing, and consumption of food. Match the nutritional factor with its most appropriate description or definition.
-Transformation of non-water-soluble toxins into water-soluble compounds

Accepted Answer

Detoxification is the process of transforming non-water-soluble toxins into water-soluble compounds that can be excreted by the body.

Answer: H
 Organic refers to food that has been grown without the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.

(The other choices do not match the description given)

Question 15

With the extensive amount of current nutritional choices, dental hygienists can effectively assist patients in evaluating the many factors involved in production, marketing, purchasing, and consumption of food. Match the nutritional factor with its most appropriate description or definition.
-Generally developed during childhood

Accepted Answer

Food patterns are generally developed during childhood and establish a person's long-term food preferences and habits.

Answer: B
 Habits are automatic behaviors or routines that are developed through repeated exposure to a behavior or stimuli.

Answer: C
 Food fads are short-term dietary patterns or beliefs that are popular for a limited period without any scientific evidence.

Answer: D
 Food quackery refers to the promotion of bogus or unproven nutritional products, services, or theories for-profit.

Answer: H
 Organic refers to food production methods that avoid synthetic chemicals, genetically modified organisms, and irradiation.

Question 16

Which program is designed to help lower socioeconomic groups with all aspects of nutrition?

Accepted Answer

The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program,available through county extension services of land-grant universities,assists with meal planning,budgeting,cooking,and other nutrition-related problems.Integral to this program are nutrition aides (low-income homemakers trained to visit homes of low-income families to assist in providing well-balanced meals).The Nutrition Program for the Elderly,Title III,provides group and home-delivered meals for more than 3 million elderly participants.Head Start is a preschool educational program for low-income families that provides breakfast,lunch,and snacks for children as well as nutritional guidance for parents.

Question 17

With the extensive amount of current nutritional choices, dental hygienists can effectively assist patients in evaluating the many factors involved in production, marketing, purchasing, and consumption of food. Match the nutritional factor with its most appropriate description or definition.
-Connotes inflexibility

Accepted Answer

Habit refers to repeated behavior that is difficult to change.

Answer: A
 Food patterns refer to consistent choices in food selection and consumption.

Answer: C
 Food fads are temporary trends in dietary practices.

Answer: D
 Food quackery refers to highly questionable or fraudulent nutritional advice or products.

Answer: E
 Detoxification can refer to diets or products that claim to remove harmful toxins from the body.

Answer: F
 A colonic refers to a procedure in which the colon is irrigated with water to remove waste.

Answer: G
 Chelation therapy is a controversial medical treatment that involves intravenous injection of chemicals to remove heavy metals from the body.

Answer: H
 Organic refers to food that is produced without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.

Question 18

Which term is used to describe medical practices that have been thoroughly evaluated using scientific methods?

Accepted Answer

The gold standard for research studies is evidence based,a term used to describe practice that has been thoroughly evaluated using scientific methods.Evidence-based studies involve evaluation of interventions based on risks and benefits revealed during randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trials.Meta-analysis combines all relevant studies from independent sources using a statistical technique.Systematic reviews also provide reliable information and present an impartial summary.Observational studies are epidemiologic research studies with no type of intervention or experiment.

Question 19

In addition to referring patients to ChooseMyPlate guidelines,a dental hygienist can accurately make which suggestions to patients motivated to learn more about nutrition? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Baking soda should not be used when cooking vegetables because it is a source of sodium.Consumers often equate store brands with lesser quality.Although these products are often found on the lowest shelves and are not targeted for priority marketing,they are equal in quality and taste to well-advertised brands.Other helpful hints include buying in bulk if the food will be eaten before it spoils.For the person struggling with portion control,this might not be a good strategy.Perhaps the best nutritional and financial message to convey is the value of planning meals around seasonal foods or weekly specials.

Question 20

Which are prudent considerations that a dental hygienist should convey to a patient who wishes to learn more about food additives? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The Delaney clause originated in the 1950s when the Delaney committee investigated food additives.This clause prohibits the use of any food additive that is carcinogenic in humans or animals.Based on the Delaney clause,additives deemed to be harmless were labeled "generally recognized as safe." Bisphenol A (BPA)is not a food additive,but it is a substance that becomes a contaminant when used in food packaging.Food additives that provide enrichment and fortification are considered valid and nutritionally beneficial.Added nutrients help to ensure adequate intake of vitamins or mineral.For consumer protection,all added nutrients must be listed on product labels.

Quiz 16: Other Considerations Affecting Nutrient Intake