Question 1

Studies by Thomas and Chess indicate that newborn infants differ in activity, irritability, and other aspects of

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess's studies focused on temperament, identifying how newborn infants show differences in aspects like activity levels, irritability, and other behavioral characteristics from a very early age.

Question 2

When nine-year-old Jenny was found by social workers in the attic of her family's home, she looked more like a five-year-old physically, was mute, intellectually disabled, and emotionally damaged. Jenny most likely experienced

Accepted Answer

Jenny's physical and psychological condition suggests she experienced a restricted environment, which can lead to developmental delays and emotional damage due to lack of stimulation and social interaction.

Question 3

When a psychologist describes the reciprocal influences between parent and child, the psychologist is stating that

Accepted Answer

The psychologist is highlighting the dynamic interaction between a child's inherent temperament and the parenting behaviors they experience, indicating that both factors influence each other and contribute to development.

Question 4

Regarding the effects of poverty, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the stresses of poverty can indeed lead to marital problems and less positive parenting, contradicting the statement in choice A. Poverty's impact on family dynamics, including increased stress and potential conflict, can negatively affect relationships and parenting practices.

Question 5

Poverty is to deprivation as early childhood stimulation is to

Accepted Answer

Early childhood stimulation leads to enrichment, similar to how poverty leads to deprivation. Enrichment refers to the process of enhancing or improving quality, especially in the context of child development, where stimulation through various experiences and interactions is crucial for cognitive, emotional, and social growth.

Question 6

Temperament refers to

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to the inherited, physical core of one's personality, including aspects such as emotional reactivity and intensity, which are believed to be present from birth and relatively stable throughout life.

Question 7

Rats raised in environments that had cages decorated with colorful patterns and filled with platforms, ladders, and cubbyholes

Accepted Answer

Rats raised in enriched environments with various stimuli like colorful patterns, platforms, ladders, and cubbyholes tend to develop larger, heavier brains with a thicker cortex. This is because the enriched environment stimulates brain activity, leading to increased brain plasticity and growth.

Question 8

Rats that were raised in enriched environments showed all of the following characteristics EXCEPT for

Accepted Answer

Rats raised in enriched environments indeed have larger brains, thicker cortices, and show superior learning abilities, such as navigating mazes more effectively. However, there is no evidence to suggest that such environments make them more docile or less aggressive; this aspect is more influenced by genetics and individual experiences rather than the complexity of their environment.

Question 9

Which of the following would NOT be part of an enriched environment for children?

Accepted Answer

Limiting what a child can touch contradicts the principle of an enriched environment, which aims to provide diverse and stimulating experiences.

Question 10

Josh is a difficult baby who cries and is hard to console, which makes his parents unhappy and elicits negative parenting. This, in turn, causes Josh to cry more frequently. This illustrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of reciprocal influences in development, where the behavior of the child influences the behavior of the parents, and the behavior of the parents, in turn, influences the behavior of the child, creating a cycle of interaction.

Question 11

Deliberately making an environment more stimulating, nutritional, comforting, and loving is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Enrichment refers to actions taken to improve the quality of an environment, making it more stimulating, nutritional, comforting, and loving, especially in the context of child development or animal care.

Question 12

Jana is an easy baby who smiles and vocalizes frequently, which encourages her parents to smile and talk to her more. This, in turn, causes Jana to smile and interact with her parents more. This illustrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates reciprocal influences in development, where Jana's behavior influences her parents' behavior, and their behavior, in turn, influences hers, creating a cycle of mutual influence.

Question 13

Rats that were raised in the enriched cage environments

Accepted Answer

Rats raised in enriched environments show improved learning abilities, such as being superior at navigating mazes, due to enhanced neural development.

Question 14

Growing infants influence their parents' behavior at the same time they are changed by it. This illustrates

Accepted Answer

This illustrates reciprocal influences in development because it describes a two-way interaction where both infants and their parents influence each other's behaviors, highlighting the dynamic and interactive nature of developmental processes.

Question 15

Baby Michael has normal hearing, but both of his parents are deaf and use sign language to communicate. During Michael's first year of life, they enroll him in day care in order for Michael to hear normal speech

Accepted Answer

The first year of life is considered a sensitive period for language development, during which exposure to language (spoken or signed) is crucial for normal language acquisition. In Michael's case, exposure to spoken language in day care would support his ability to develop spoken language skills alongside sign language.

Question 16

Regarding the effects of deprivation and enrichment, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Most adults who grew up in poverty face significant challenges and barriers that can perpetuate a cycle of poverty, making it difficult for many to escape poverty conditions.

Question 17

Due to financial difficulties, Damon's parents have difficulty paying rent and utilities, buying nutritious food, and taking their children to the doctor or dentist when needed. These parents often verbally argue with each other over their financial problems, which also affects their relationship with their children. Although Damon and his siblings would love to have a computer, they know this will never be possible. According to research, a home situation, such as the one described, has been shown

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that financial difficulties and the associated stressors in a home can negatively impact a child's physical health, leading to them being sick more often due to stress and possibly inadequate access to healthcare and nutritious food.

Question 18

Poverty has been shown to affect

Accepted Answer

Poverty impacts multiple aspects of a child's life, including health, socioemotional development, and cognitive development, making all the options correct.

Question 19

Which of the following would NOT be good advice for parents of young children?

Accepted Answer

Strictly limiting what a child can touch in the home to teach patience and control can be overly restrictive and may hinder exploration and learning, which are crucial for a child's development. Encouraging exploration and providing varied stimuli are generally recommended for healthy development.

Question 20

A lack of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, or love is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Deprivation refers to the lack of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, or love, which is essential for healthy physical and psychological development.

Quiz 3: Human Development