Question 1

Going from specific facts or observations to general principles is called __________ thought.

Accepted Answer

Going from specific facts or observations to general principles is called inductive thought. Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on specific observations.

Question 2

Thinking that proceeds from given information to new conclusions on the basis of explicit rules is considered __________ thought.

Accepted Answer

Logical thought involves proceeding from given information to new conclusions based on explicit rules, which is a hallmark of deductive reasoning.

Question 3

Research has shown that expert skills are based on

Accepted Answer

Expert skills are often based on learned heuristics, which are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that allow for efficient problem-solving, and systematic information, which involves organized and structured knowledge in a particular domain. This combination enables experts to quickly identify patterns and solutions based on their extensive experience and knowledge.

Question 4

Thinking that applies a general set of rules to specific situations, for example, using the laws of gravity to predict the behavior of a single falling object, is referred to as __________ thought.

Accepted Answer

Deductive thought involves applying general principles or rules to specific instances to draw conclusions, as in using the laws of gravity to predict the behavior of a falling object.

Question 5

Which of the following is fast, fairly effortless thinking that frees "space" in short-term memory and makes it easier to work on a problem?

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing is a type of cognition that occurs without the need for conscious thought, allowing for quick and efficient thinking that does not heavily burden short-term memory. This makes it easier to focus on other tasks or problems because it requires less cognitive effort.

Question 6

If you know that your best friend is allergic to clams, oysters, shrimp, and lobster, you know that she is allergic to shellfish. Going from these specific instances of allergy to a general statement that covers all situations illustrates __________ thought.

Accepted Answer

Inductive thought involves making generalizations based on specific observations. In this case, observing allergies to specific types of shellfish and then generalizing to an allergy to all shellfish is an example of inductive reasoning.

Question 7

To develop expertise in a field requires us to develop a deeper general understanding of the field and to learn available __________ strategies.

Accepted Answer

Heuristic strategies are often used to solve problems more quickly when classic methods are too slow, or to find an approximate solution when classic methods fail to find any exact solution.

Question 8

Intuitive thinking illustrates __________ thought.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Intuitive thinking illustrates __________ thought.
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Question 9

World class chess experts are especially good at

Accepted Answer

World class chess experts excel in pattern recognition, which allows them to quickly identify effective moves based on the configuration of pieces on the chessboard. This skill is more crucial to their success than algorithmic knowledge, rote strategies, or trial-and-error strategies.

Question 10

Thinking in which a general rule or principle is gathered from a series of specific examples, for example, inferring the laws of gravity by observing many falling objects, is referred to as __________ thought.

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on specific observations or examples, exactly as described in the scenario of inferring laws from observed phenomena.

Question 11

Going from general principles to specific situations is called __________ thought.

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning involves starting from a general principle and applying it to a specific situation.

Question 12

Regarding expert and novice chess players, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Expert chess players have been shown to have superior memory for realistic chess positions due to their extensive experience and knowledge of patterns in the game, not because they have overall better memory capabilities. This doesn't extend to random or non-chess related tasks.

Question 13

If you know that your best friend is allergic to shellfish, you know that she is allergic to clams, oysters, shrimp, and lobster. Going from this general statement of allergy to shellfish to specific examples of this allergy illustrates __________ thought.

Accepted Answer

Deductive thought involves moving from a general statement or principle to specific instances or examples, as illustrated by identifying specific types of shellfish that would trigger an allergic reaction based on the general knowledge of a shellfish allergy.

Question 14

An instructor concentrates so much on the information to be put on her PowerPoint slide that she fails to note the need to use contrast for easy visibility of the text. In attempting to solve the problem of creating effective slides for her students, this instructor is exhibiting which type of barrier to problem solving?

Accepted Answer

The instructor is facing a perceptual barrier to problem solving because she is not recognizing or perceiving the importance of visual contrast for readability, focusing instead only on the content. This indicates a limitation in her perception of what constitutes an effective slide.

Question 15

The main difference between an expert and a novice chess player is that the expert

Accepted Answer

Experts in chess are distinguished by their ability to recognize patterns on the chessboard, which allows them to quickly identify effective strategies and moves. This skill is developed through extensive experience and study, rather than just exploring more moves ahead or having a photographic memory.

Question 16

Regarding experts and novices, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Experts do not always operate in a reflective processing mode when displaying their skills. Much of expert performance is characterized by automaticity and intuition, developed through extensive experience, allowing them to make rapid and fluid decisions without the need for conscious deliberation or reflection.

Question 17

As compared to novices, experts tend to

Accepted Answer

Experts are more likely to understand the underlying principles of a problem, allowing them to define and solve problems more effectively based on their deep knowledge.

Question 18

Developing expertise in an area allows for fast, fairly effortless thinking based on experience with similar problems. This type of thinking is known as

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to the ability to perform tasks quickly and effortlessly after extensive experience or practice, which is characteristic of developing expertise in a particular area.

Question 19

Expert chess players can automatically recognize 50,000 to 100,000 patterns, a level of skill that takes about how long to build up?

Accepted Answer

Expert chess players' ability to recognize 50,000 to 100,000 patterns is a result of extensive practice and experience, typically requiring around 10 years to develop. This level of skill is not quickly acquired but is the result of long-term dedication and study of the game.

Question 20

Experts base their skills on all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Representativeness algorithms are not a recognized basis for expert skills. Experts rely on specific knowledge, strategies, and heuristics rather than algorithms based on representativeness, which is a cognitive shortcut that can lead to biases.

Quiz 8: Cognition, Language, and Creativity