Question 1

Which of the following is true of infant girls and infant boys ________.

Accepted Answer

Infant girls and boys generally show similar social behaviors, as gender differences in social behavior typically emerge later in development.

Question 2

In the context of infants, which of the following best characterizes insecure attachment?

Accepted Answer

Insecure attachment in infants is often characterized by behaviors such as avoiding caregivers, excessive clinging, or inconsistency in their reactions to caregivers' presence or absence, reflecting a struggle with trust and dependency.

Question 3

Attachment is defined as an affectional bond characterized by =.

Accepted Answer

Attachment is defined as an affectional bond characterized by seeking closeness with another individual. This concept is central to attachment theory, which emphasizes the importance of close emotional bonds in human development, particularly between children and their caregivers.

Question 4

Lisa, a two-year-old, was developing like a normal child until recently. She has now lost her ability to crawl and many other previously acquired skills. Lisa is most likely to be diagnosed with _________.

Accepted Answer

Childhood disintegrative disorder, also known as Heller's syndrome, is characterized by a severe regression in multiple areas of development after a period of at least two years of normal development. This includes loss of motor, language, and social skills, which aligns with Lisa's symptoms of losing her ability to crawl and other previously acquired skills.

Question 5

Madison, an 11-month-old, is a fairly cheerful infant. She usually eats and sleeps at the same time every day. She is friendly with strangers who pick her up or play with her. In this scenario, Madison has a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

Madison's consistent eating and sleeping patterns, along with her cheerful nature and friendliness towards strangers, are characteristics of an easy temperament. This temperament type is marked by regular bodily functions, positive reactions to new situations, and the ability to adapt quickly.

Question 6

Infant girls and boys ________.

Accepted Answer

Infant girls and boys do not show significant differences in their dependency on adults, as both require extensive care, attention, and support from caregivers during their early stages of development.

Question 7

According to the ethological view of attachment, attachment is _______.

Accepted Answer

The ethological view of attachment posits that attachment is an inborn or instinctive response to a specific stimulus, emphasizing the biological and evolutionary basis of attachment behaviors in ensuring the survival of the species.

Question 8

The individual difference in style of reaction that is present early in life is known as _______.

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to the individual differences in emotional and behavioral styles that appear early in life, influencing how children interact with their environment and react to situations.

Question 9

Simon, a one-year-old, keeps his parents awake at night due to his irregular sleep hours. He also feeds fitfully and is always irritable. In this scenario, Simon has a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

Simon's behaviors such as keeping his parents awake at night due to irregular sleep hours, feeding fitfully, and being always irritable are characteristics of a difficult temperament. This temperament type is marked by a high level of activity, irregular bodily functions, and a tendency to withdraw in new situations, often resulting in negative moods.

Question 10

Secure attachment is a type of attachment characterized by________.

Accepted Answer

Secure attachment is characterized by mild distress when the caregiver leaves but the child is easily soothed upon their return, indicating trust and comfort in the caregiver's presence and absence.

Question 11

According to the psychoanalytic view of attachment in infants, who usually becomes not just a "reinforcer" but also a love object who forms the basis for all later attachments?

Accepted Answer

According to the psychoanalytic view, particularly as outlined by Sigmund Freud, the caregiver, usually the mother, becomes not just a source of reinforcement through feeding and care but also a primary love object. This early attachment forms the basis for all later emotional attachments in life.

Question 12

Children who are at greater risk for developing psychological disorders and adjustment problems later in life most likely have a ______.

Accepted Answer

Children with a difficult temperament are at greater risk for developing psychological disorders and adjustment problems later in life because they may struggle more with adapting to changes and managing their emotions compared to children with other temperaments.

Question 13

A refusal to speak often witnessed among autistic children is known as ______.

Accepted Answer

Mutism, specifically selective mutism, is the term used to describe a condition where an individual, often a child, consistently fails to speak in certain situations or to specific people while being able to speak normally in others. In the context of autism, some children may exhibit behaviors akin to mutism, where they refuse or are unable to speak in certain situations. Echolalia is the repetition of phrases or noises, and glossolalia refers to speaking in tongues. "Involuntary silence" is not a recognized term in this context.

Question 14

Which of the following is true of female children?

Accepted Answer

Cultural norms and stereotypes often dictate that female children are dressed in traditionally feminine colors like pink or yellow, and their clothes may feature decorative elements such as ruffles and lace. Choices B, C, and D do not accurately reflect common societal expectations or preferences for female children, as they are more often associated with stereotypes or expectations of male children.

Question 15

According to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, which attachment phase lasts from birth to about three months?

Accepted Answer

The initial-preattachment phase, according to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, lasts from birth to about three months. During this phase, infants show no particular attachment to a specific caregiver; their innate signals, such as crying and movements, attract the attention of any caregiver.

Question 16

Which of the following is a difference between an easy child and a difficult child?

Accepted Answer

An easy child typically has regular sleep and feeding schedules, making them more predictable and, often, easier to care for. In contrast, a difficult child may have irregular sleep and feeding schedules, which can pose challenges for caregivers in establishing routines.

Question 17

Which of the following is true of male children?

Accepted Answer

Male children are often encouraged to engage in more physical activities than girls, reflecting societal norms and expectations about gender roles and behaviors.

Question 18

In the context of gender differences among children, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that parents tend to engage in more verbal communication with their infant daughters than with their infant sons. This difference in communication patterns can contribute to the development of language skills and social interactions.

Question 19

Which of the following researchers was an ethologist?

Accepted Answer

Konrad Lorenz was an ethologist known for his research on animal behavior, particularly imprinting in geese. He is one of the founding figures of ethology, the study of animal behavior in natural environments.

Question 20

Graham is slow to accept new people and situations, takes a long time to adjust to new routines, and responds to frustrations with tantrums and crying. Graham is a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

Graham exhibits characteristics of a difficult child, as defined by the temperament classification system. This includes being slow to adapt to new situations, having difficulty with routine changes, and reacting negatively (tantrums and crying) to frustrations. These behaviors align with the traits commonly associated with difficult children, rather than those of extroverted, disorganized, or introverted children.

Quiz 6: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development