Question 1

Explain the exclusionary rule and the fruit of the poisoned tree. How do they impact police officers' investigations?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the exclusionary rule and the fruit...

Question 2

In 2009, the Court extended the "stop-and-frisk" authority by ruling that a police officer could order a passenger in a car that had been pulled over for a traffic violation to submit to a pat-down.

Accepted Answer

In the 2009 case of Arizona v. Johnson, the Supreme Court ruled that police officers, given reasonable suspicion that a passenger in a vehicle stopped for a traffic violation is armed and dangerous, have the authority to frisk the passenger for weapons.

Question 3

Taking steps to protect one's privacy is enough to protect against law enforcement intrusion.

Accepted Answer

Law enforcement agencies have legal tools and methods, such as warrants and subpoenas, that can compel individuals or companies to provide access to private information, overriding personal privacy measures.

Question 4

In Rodriguez v. United States , the Supreme Court ruled that the search had been reasonable under the Fourth Amendment's rules regarding searches and seizures.

Accepted Answer

In Rodriguez v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that extending a traffic stop beyond the time needed to handle the matter for which the stop was made violates the Constitution’s shield against unreasonable seizures.

Question 5

In California v. Greenwood (1988), the Supreme Court believed that the suspect had a reasonable expectation of privacy when it came to his garbage bags.

Accepted Answer

In California v. Greenwood (1988), the Supreme Court ruled that individuals do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy for trash left on the curb for collection, allowing police to search garbage without a warrant.

Question 6

What is a Miranda warning? List the situations in which a Miranda warning is not required.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Warrantless searches and seizures can be lawful when police are in "hot pursuit" of a subject.

Accepted Answer

In the United States, the "hot pursuit" doctrine is an exception to the warrant requirement, allowing police to enter premises without a warrant when they are actively chasing a suspect believed to have committed a crime.

Question 8

As a general rule, officers cannot make a warrantless arrest for a crime they did not see even if they have probable cause to believe that a felony has been committed.

Accepted Answer

Officers can make a warrantless arrest for a felony even if they did not witness the crime, as long as they have probable cause to believe that the person committed the felony.

Question 9

According to criminal justice professor Rolando V. del Carmen, what are the four elements that must be present for an arrest to take place?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to criminal justice professor Rolando V....

Question 10

Thermal imagers cannot measure invisible levels of infrared radiation.

Accepted Answer

Thermal imagers are specifically designed to measure and visualize invisible levels of infrared radiation, which is how they create images based on temperature differences.

Question 11

Probable cause can be retroactively applied.

Accepted Answer

Probable cause must exist at the time law enforcement takes action (such as conducting a search or making an arrest), and cannot be justified based on information obtained after the fact.

Question 12

Describe the Reid technique, and explain the three general types of false confessions suggested by Saul Kassin.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

Describe the use of force multipliers in electronic surveillance.

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

One of the implications of the exclusionary rule is that it forces police to gather evidence properly.

Accepted Answer

The exclusionary rule prevents evidence collected in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights, particularly the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, from being used in court. This incentivizes law enforcement to adhere to legal procedures when gathering evidence to ensure its admissibility in court.

Question 15

Police officers cannot stop and frisk a suspect without a warrant even if reasonable suspicion exists.

Accepted Answer

Police officers can stop and frisk a suspect without a warrant if they have reasonable suspicion that the person is involved in criminal activity and may be armed and dangerous. This is based on the standard set by the U.S. Supreme Court in Terry v. Ohio (1968).

Question 16

The drafters of the Bill of Rights specifically wanted law enforcement officers to have the freedom to make general, exploratory searches through a person's belongings.

Accepted Answer

The drafters of the Bill of Rights, particularly through the Fourth Amendment, aimed to protect against unreasonable searches and seizures, thereby limiting the power of law enforcement to conduct general, exploratory searches without probable cause.

Question 17

Generally, association is adequate to establish probable cause.

Accepted Answer

Association alone is generally not sufficient to establish probable cause, as probable cause requires a reasonable basis to believe that a person is connected to a crime, which typically involves more concrete evidence than mere association.

Quiz 6: Police and the Constitution the Rules of Law Enforcement